{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411446634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","title":"Tianmu-1 Constellation GNSS-R In-Orbit Performance: Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Product Applications, and Polarimetric Features","display_name":"Tianmu-1 Constellation GNSS-R In-Orbit Performance: Spatiotemporal Characteristics, Product Applications, and Polarimetric Features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411446634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009194677","display_name":"Feixiong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-280X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feixiong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6888-280X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079500908","display_name":"Cong Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-4568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-4568","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9496-4438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Earth System Modeling and Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9496-4438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Earth System Modeling and Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110749300","display_name":"Yueqiang Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yueqiang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056864848","display_name":"Junming Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-1708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junming Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-1708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006413981","display_name":"Weihua Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7002-787X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7002-787X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054017640","display_name":"Qi Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2959-0203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133666","display_name":"Tiandi Science & Technology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ssr6t63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133666"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Tianmu (Chongqing) Satellite Science and Technology Company Ltd., Chongqing, China","Aerospace Tianmu (Chongqing) Satellite Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Tianmu (Chongqing) Satellite Science and Technology Company Ltd., Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Tianmu (Chongqing) Satellite Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xianyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2438-6900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2438-6900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100946755","display_name":"Qifei Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qifei Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6375-6894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047878660","display_name":"Yuerong Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuerong Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052057183","display_name":"Zhuoyan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoyan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384302","display_name":"Cheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3759-9219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101945569","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-050X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Peng Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9179-0822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9179-0822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113870274","display_name":"Ruhan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruhan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085463374","display_name":"Guangyuan Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-3203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyuan Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1896-3203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112656901","display_name":"Hao Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100324309","display_name":"Fu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8819-0547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037587360","display_name":"Congliang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2660-1931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congliang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019424514","display_name":"Xiangguang Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4132-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115570","display_name":"National Space Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02nnjtm50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210115570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangguang Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Space Environment Exploration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115570","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035656244","display_name":"Xiuqing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-8676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141301092","display_name":"China Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/00bx3rb98","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuqing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-8676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141301092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":47.431,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99789573,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9790999889373779,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.7764177322387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7237207889556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6650943160057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.615863561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5467485189437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbit","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","score":0.5007293224334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.32432088255882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.2960982322692871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.27443909645080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.22448399662971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20133191347122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.19118225574493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.1753903031349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.12693852186203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10010668635368347}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.7764177322387695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7237207889556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6650943160057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.615863561630249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5467485189437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5007293224334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.32432088255882263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.2960982322692871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.27443909645080566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.22448399662971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20133191347122192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.19118225574493408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.1753903031349182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.12693852186203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10010668635368347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3581343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5746470368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3004004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1645858368","https://openalex.org/W1660767182","https://openalex.org/W1840723247","https://openalex.org/W1996768758","https://openalex.org/W2020688869","https://openalex.org/W2030209988","https://openalex.org/W2037280841","https://openalex.org/W2059307738","https://openalex.org/W2145696754","https://openalex.org/W2321482666","https://openalex.org/W2606882776","https://openalex.org/W2783971858","https://openalex.org/W2805429268","https://openalex.org/W2899603406","https://openalex.org/W2912787468","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W2955237079","https://openalex.org/W3042573543","https://openalex.org/W3096519641","https://openalex.org/W3109235857","https://openalex.org/W3171476176","https://openalex.org/W3172325092","https://openalex.org/W3215124533","https://openalex.org/W4200538764","https://openalex.org/W4212994949","https://openalex.org/W4229720597","https://openalex.org/W4285094635","https://openalex.org/W4285113143","https://openalex.org/W4295036151","https://openalex.org/W4306804388","https://openalex.org/W4313647046","https://openalex.org/W4316036495","https://openalex.org/W4318483157","https://openalex.org/W4319996350","https://openalex.org/W4320168726","https://openalex.org/W4321232189","https://openalex.org/W4322576851","https://openalex.org/W4323313419","https://openalex.org/W4365798390","https://openalex.org/W4376870264","https://openalex.org/W4378804757","https://openalex.org/W4387802675","https://openalex.org/W4388763645","https://openalex.org/W4389321857","https://openalex.org/W4389917286","https://openalex.org/W4392980109","https://openalex.org/W4396925938","https://openalex.org/W4399206242","https://openalex.org/W4399375195","https://openalex.org/W4399474681","https://openalex.org/W4402264060","https://openalex.org/W4402264391","https://openalex.org/W4406262242","https://openalex.org/W4406321533","https://openalex.org/W4406839797","https://openalex.org/W4408150259","https://openalex.org/W4409154871","https://openalex.org/W6775301782"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W2801080295","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W4403180243","https://openalex.org/W2022870883","https://openalex.org/W1495079291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,101],"introduces":[2],"the":[3,18,22,26,38,50,54,68,90,103,124,131,135],"Chinese":[4],"Tianmu-1":[5],"GNSS-R":[6],"constellation":[7,55],"of":[8,21,53,70,123,137],"22":[9],"small":[10],"satellites":[11],"launched":[12],"in":[13],"2023\u20132024":[14],"and":[15,29,46,60,78,97,118,127,140],"comprehensively":[16],"evaluates":[17,106],"latest":[19],"version":[20],"in-orbit":[23],"data.":[24],"First,":[25],"mission":[27],"design":[28],"instrument":[30],"technology":[31],"are":[32,56],"described,":[33],"which":[34],"largely":[35],"builds":[36],"on":[37],"Fengyun-3/GNOS-II":[39],"missions.":[40],"Notable":[41],"innovations":[42],"include":[43],"full-GNSS":[44],"compatibility":[45],"dual-polarization":[47],"antenna.":[48],"Then,":[49],"spatiotemporal":[51],"characteristics":[52],"analyzed\u2014specifically,":[57],"coverage":[58],"percentage":[59],"mean":[61],"revisit":[62],"time":[63,105],"at":[64],"different":[65],"latitudes.":[66],"Next,":[67],"accuracy":[69],"its":[71],"science":[72],"products":[73],"including":[74,110],"ocean":[75],"surface":[76],"winds":[77],"land":[79,145],"soil":[80],"moisture":[81],"has":[82],"been":[83],"assessed,":[84],"with":[85],"two":[86],"application":[87],"cases":[88],"demonstrating":[89],"mission\u2019s":[91],"utility":[92],"for":[93,102,143],"monitoring":[94],"tropical":[95],"cyclones":[96],"flooding.":[98],"Finally,":[99],"this":[100],"first":[104],"Tianmu\u2019s":[107],"polarized":[108],"observations":[109,133],"Horizontal":[111],"(H),":[112],"Vertical":[113],"(V),":[114],"Left-Hand":[115],"Circularly-Polarized":[116,120],"(LHCP)":[117],"Right-Hand":[119],"(RHCP).":[121],"Analysis":[122],"signal-to-noise":[125],"ratio":[126],"reflectivity":[128],"shows":[129],"that":[130],"dual-polarimetric":[132],"follow":[134],"trend":[136],"theoretical":[138],"models":[139],"hold":[141],"promise":[142],"advancing":[144],"remote":[146],"sensing.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
