{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410428652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570791","title":"An Improved Method for Function-Based Ionospheric Tomography With Plasmasphere Correction and Virtual Ray Augmentation","display_name":"An Improved Method for Function-Based Ionospheric Tomography With Plasmasphere Correction and Virtual Ray Augmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410428652","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaoman Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5963-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoman Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5963-8493","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067733927","display_name":"Biyan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-4371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biyan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-4371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110599047","display_name":"Tiezhu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5354-7347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiezhu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5354-7347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037746887","display_name":"Dingyi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3240-3551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingyi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3240-3551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics and the Laboratory of Geohazards Perception, Cognition and Prediction, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06964878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11786","display_name":"Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmasphere","display_name":"Plasmasphere","score":0.8318793773651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6500157117843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.5566412806510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5234236717224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5006029605865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4906138479709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.4566243886947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.33455249667167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3042517900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.2923024892807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.22669732570648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetosphere","display_name":"Magnetosphere","score":0.139632910490036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma","display_name":"Plasma","score":0.13729211688041687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118691173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546045","display_name":"Plasmasphere","level":4,"score":0.8318793773651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6500157117843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.5566412806510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5234236717224121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5006029605865479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4906138479709625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4566243886947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.33455249667167664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3042517900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.2923024892807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.22669732570648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130443932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6915","display_name":"Magnetosphere","level":3,"score":0.139632910490036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82706917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10251","display_name":"Plasma","level":2,"score":0.13729211688041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G132790477","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HNGTCH-2023-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1710989569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023JJ20060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1907525826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42274042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2222836067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20230167CH","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7065817770","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42388102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G83122994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JJ30697","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1487659820","https://openalex.org/W1976840391","https://openalex.org/W2009558318","https://openalex.org/W2021059374","https://openalex.org/W2021148397","https://openalex.org/W2044117803","https://openalex.org/W2055147899","https://openalex.org/W2059394952","https://openalex.org/W2068064219","https://openalex.org/W2069847693","https://openalex.org/W2076569424","https://openalex.org/W2087092418","https://openalex.org/W2135397225","https://openalex.org/W2153568285","https://openalex.org/W2340314754","https://openalex.org/W2355343083","https://openalex.org/W2463081686","https://openalex.org/W2546678278","https://openalex.org/W2602891109","https://openalex.org/W2768017848","https://openalex.org/W2782631487","https://openalex.org/W2791743048","https://openalex.org/W2885874915","https://openalex.org/W2944501519","https://openalex.org/W2948040069","https://openalex.org/W2957162079","https://openalex.org/W2957387369","https://openalex.org/W2963406281","https://openalex.org/W2995297292","https://openalex.org/W3000249159","https://openalex.org/W3093596947","https://openalex.org/W3128346221","https://openalex.org/W3138577736","https://openalex.org/W4225146214","https://openalex.org/W4306702103","https://openalex.org/W4353055520","https://openalex.org/W4363678661","https://openalex.org/W4386825353","https://openalex.org/W4398187722","https://openalex.org/W4402040748","https://openalex.org/W4408271822","https://openalex.org/W7072351831"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2745298463","https://openalex.org/W2553937569","https://openalex.org/W1966044682","https://openalex.org/W2154717743","https://openalex.org/W1991211860","https://openalex.org/W2005756326","https://openalex.org/W177100235","https://openalex.org/W2790083250","https://openalex.org/W2152805417","https://openalex.org/W1966317710"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,59,79,226,239,272],"ionosphere":[1],"is":[2,40,69,135,170,201],"a":[3,11,37,77,91,97,133,251,257,276,281,287],"crucial":[4],"component":[5],"of":[6,61,93,99,119,129,142,166,178,244,253,259,269,278,283,290,327],"the":[7,44,49,62,83,114,126,139,146,150,161,164,167,173,176,179,184,194,204,210,217,223,236,245,299,308,315],"Earth\u2019s":[8],"atmosphere":[9],"and":[10,32,57,105,116,286,311,329],"focal":[12],"point":[13],"for":[14,25,189,307,314],"various":[15],"space":[16],"application":[17],"activities.":[18],"This":[19],"study":[20,162],"proposes":[21],"an":[22,263],"improved":[23,171,334],"method":[24,134],"function-based":[26,246],"ionospheric":[27,120],"tomography":[28,168,247],"with":[29,149,172,262,294,319,338],"plasmasphere":[30,50,63],"correction":[31],"virtual":[33,143],"rays":[34,144],"augmentation.":[35],"Firstly,":[36],"cubic":[38],"polynomial":[39],"used":[41],"to":[42,64,96,112,137,203,208,216,256],"fit":[43],"electron":[45,66,84,121,198],"content":[46,67,85,199],"variations":[47],"in":[48,175,235,336],"above":[51,86,191],"2000":[52,87],"km":[53,88],"concerning":[54],"time,":[55],"latitude,":[56],"longitude.":[58],"contribution":[60],"total":[65,197],"(TEC)":[68],"then":[70],"corrected":[71],"rather":[72],"than":[73],"being":[74],"treated":[75],"as":[76],"constant.":[78],"results":[80],"indicate":[81],"that":[82,298],"varies":[89],"from":[90,230,250],"maximum":[92,258,277],"1.6":[94],"TECU":[95,255],"minimum":[98,252,282],"0.75":[100],"TECU.":[101,271,292],"Secondly,":[102],"spherical":[103,180],"harmonics":[104],"empirical":[106],"orthogonal":[107],"functions":[108],"(EOFs)":[109],"are":[110,186,214],"employed":[111],"describe":[113],"horizontal":[115],"vertical":[117,140],"distribution":[118,128],"density":[122],"(IED).":[123],"To":[124],"address":[125],"insufficient":[127],"ground-based":[130],"observation":[131],"stations,":[132],"proposed":[136],"calculate":[138],"TEC":[141],"by":[145],"IRI-plas":[147],"model":[148,169,248,310],"Global":[151],"Ionosphere":[152],"Map":[153],"(GIM)":[154],"assimilation,":[155],"thereby":[156],"enhancing":[157],"ray":[158,340],"coverage.":[159],"In":[160],"area,":[163],"performance":[165],"increase":[174],"order":[177],"harmonic":[181],"function,":[182],"while":[183],"improvements":[185],"not":[187],"significant":[188],"orders":[190],"8.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"inverted":[195,218],"slant":[196],"(STEC)":[200],"compared":[202],"original":[205],"STEC":[206,224],"observations":[207],"extract":[209],"modeling":[211,227],"residuals.":[212,225],"Corrections":[213],"made":[215],"IED":[219],"profiles":[220],"based":[221],"on":[222],"utilizes":[228],"data":[229,296,323],"243":[231],"GNSS":[232],"stations":[233],"located":[234],"China":[237],"region.":[238],"daily":[240],"average":[241,266,289,325],"internal":[242,267],"accuracy":[243,268,274,335],"ranges":[249],"1.15":[254],"1.60":[260],"TECU,":[261,280,285],"overall":[264],"30-day":[265,288,320],"1.34":[270],"external":[273],"has":[275],"1.85":[279],"1.4":[284],"1.55":[291],"Comparison":[293],"ionosonde":[295],"shows":[297],"RMSE":[300],"at":[301],"different":[302],"altitudes":[303],"averaged":[304],"7.36\u00d710\u00b9\u2070":[305],"el/m\u00b3":[306,313],"first-step":[309],"6.82\u00d710\u00b9\u2070":[312],"second.":[316],"Additionally,":[317],"comparison":[318],"radio":[321],"occultation":[322],"yielded":[324],"RMSEs":[326],"6.09\u00d710\u00b9\u2070":[328],"5.40\u00d710\u00b9\u2070":[330],"el/m\u00b3,":[331],"respectively,":[332],"confirming":[333],"regions":[337],"limited":[339],"penetration.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-05-17T00:00:00"}