{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410359333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","title":"Capturing Soil Surface Freeze Dynamics Over the Arctic-Boreal Zone With GNSS-Reflectometry","display_name":"Capturing Soil Surface Freeze Dynamics Over the Arctic-Boreal Zone With GNSS-Reflectometry","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410359333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040270148","display_name":"Hugo Carre\u00f1o-Luengo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7775-7314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo Carreno-Luengo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7775-7314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076495698","display_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher S. Ruf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-4483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076946918","display_name":"Scott Gleason","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Gleason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daaxa LLC, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8387-5093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daaxa LLC, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049423771","display_name":"Anthony Russel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Russel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1128-9527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1663,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76014869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7889989614486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflectometry","display_name":"Reflectometry","score":0.7497010231018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6350007653236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.6204642057418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5253593325614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.42172324657440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.26159316301345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.2534143924713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1288520097732544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7889989614486694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778925768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454718","display_name":"Reflectometry","level":3,"score":0.7497010231018066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6350007653236389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.6204642057418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5253593325614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.42172324657440186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.26159316301345825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.2534143924713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1288520097732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3570213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.4099999964237213}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7483616844","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"80LARC21DA003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333962","funder_display_name":"Science Mission Directorate"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309652","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333962","display_name":"Science Mission Directorate","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W1491968253","https://openalex.org/W2017458076","https://openalex.org/W2044927495","https://openalex.org/W2056825802","https://openalex.org/W2069756757","https://openalex.org/W2106920307","https://openalex.org/W2130026402","https://openalex.org/W2145696754","https://openalex.org/W2256687290","https://openalex.org/W2328923540","https://openalex.org/W2471592931","https://openalex.org/W2486430858","https://openalex.org/W2592532928","https://openalex.org/W2600900657","https://openalex.org/W2732884423","https://openalex.org/W2802564531","https://openalex.org/W2807220393","https://openalex.org/W2916909768","https://openalex.org/W2922329030","https://openalex.org/W2972262484","https://openalex.org/W3010108392","https://openalex.org/W3029019038","https://openalex.org/W3046139754","https://openalex.org/W3087909386","https://openalex.org/W3120482307","https://openalex.org/W3136179920","https://openalex.org/W3150415324","https://openalex.org/W3172325092","https://openalex.org/W3205793927","https://openalex.org/W3212165894","https://openalex.org/W4210842039","https://openalex.org/W4249297855","https://openalex.org/W4285131500","https://openalex.org/W4306406488","https://openalex.org/W4313052977","https://openalex.org/W4388765099","https://openalex.org/W4389359623","https://openalex.org/W4389917286","https://openalex.org/W4392820795","https://openalex.org/W4394594058","https://openalex.org/W4401879134","https://openalex.org/W7005516861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2140036717","https://openalex.org/W2091193607","https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W2035752977","https://openalex.org/W2597922112","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2084512058","https://openalex.org/W2022839116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,110],"Arctic-boreal":[1],"zone":[2],"is":[3,62,121,127,139,189,192,200],"warming":[4],"due":[5],"to":[6,18,21,94,116,129,180,202],"climate":[7],"change.":[8],"Current":[9],"spaceborne":[10],"remote":[11,48],"sensing":[12,49],"techniques":[13],"and":[14,77,102,123,175,218,223,225],"retrieval":[15],"methodologies":[16],"need":[17],"be":[19],"complemented":[20],"improve":[22],"systematic":[23],"monitoring":[24],"of":[25,37,40,99,112],"the":[26,38,41,74,97,113,124,155,167,183,187,204,231],"cryosphere.":[27],"To":[28],"that":[29,165],"end,":[30],"this":[31],"article":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,52,131,136,145],"new":[35,56],"investigation":[36],"use":[39],"Global":[42,69],"Navigation":[43],"Satellite":[44],"System":[45],"Reflectometry":[46],"(GNSS-R)":[47],"technique":[50],"by":[51,166,230],"SmallSat":[53],"constellation.":[54],"A":[55,197],"freeze/thaw":[57],"(F/T)":[58],"seasonal":[59,132],"multi-thresholding":[60,137],"algorithm":[61],"developed":[63],"using":[64,144,216],"high-inclination":[65],"orbit":[66],"near-Nadir":[67],"Spire":[68],"GNSS-R":[70],"data":[71],"acquired":[72],"through":[73],"National":[75],"Aeronautics":[76],"Space":[78],"Administration":[79],"Commercial":[80],"Smallsat":[81],"Data":[82],"Acquisition":[83],"program.":[84],"Five":[85],"different":[86],"soil":[87,158,219,226],"surface":[88,104,118,150],"reflectivity":[89],"\u0393":[90,114],"models":[91,115],"are":[92,162,178,214],"proposed":[93],"account":[95],"for":[96,141,148,154,234],"impact":[98],"vegetation":[100],"cover":[101],"small-scale":[103],"roughness":[105],"on":[106],"Earth-reflected":[107],"GNSS":[108],"signals.":[109],"sensitivity":[111],"F/T":[117,142,210],"state":[119],"transitions":[120],"evaluated,":[122],"optimum":[125],"model":[126],"selected":[128],"construct":[130],"scale":[133],"factor.":[134,196],"Then,":[135],"matrix":[138],"obtained":[140],"classification":[143],"specific":[146],"threshold":[147],"every":[149],"grid":[151],"cell.":[152],"Results":[153,213],"annual":[156],"frozen":[157],"duration":[159],"(days":[160],"yr-1)":[161],"compared":[163],"with":[164,186],"Soil":[168],"Moisture":[169],"Active":[170],"Passive":[171],"mission.":[172],"Additionally":[173],"freezing":[174],"thawing":[176],"periods":[177],"analyzed":[179],"determine":[181],"when":[182],"moisture":[184,227],"exchange":[185],"atmosphere":[188],"locked,":[190],"which":[191],"an":[193],"important":[194],"climatic":[195],"novel":[198],"metric":[199],"introduced":[201],"characterize":[203],"freeze":[205],"intensity":[206],"moving":[207],"beyond":[208],"classical":[209],"binary":[211],"classifications.":[212],"evaluated":[215],"air":[217],"temperature,":[220,224],"snow":[221],"depth":[222],"content":[228],"provided":[229],"European":[232],"Centre":[233],"Medium-Range":[235],"Weather":[236],"Forecasts":[237],"ERA5-Land":[238],"reanalysis":[239],"product.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}