{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409325877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559554","title":"Hierarchical Multiscale Denoising Method for Spaceborne Photon-Counting LiDAR Based on Minimum Spanning Tree","display_name":"Hierarchical Multiscale Denoising Method for Spaceborne Photon-Counting LiDAR Based on Minimum Spanning Tree","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409325877","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022084086","display_name":"Zhipeng Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3665-1350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100413373","display_name":"Yanli Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4054-311X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanli Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073889344","display_name":"Yanxiong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-6479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanxiong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062815327","display_name":"Yikai Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3458-5348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yikai Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100453999","display_name":"Jie Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5865-3440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102944999","display_name":"Yilan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4775-0851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114556","display_name":"First Institute of Oceanography","ror":"https://ror.org/01y34t753","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ministry of Natural Resources, First Institute of Oceanography, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114556","https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101393281","display_name":"Junlin Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junlin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022084086"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210114556"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2477,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86510385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.7267060279846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting","display_name":"Photon counting","score":0.6536046862602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.5587899684906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-spanning-tree","display_name":"Minimum spanning tree","score":0.499006986618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.48616692423820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4685700237751007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4357791244983673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3404543697834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2333659827709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22649246454238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.0991010069847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.09338325262069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08305254578590393}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.7267060279846191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781402376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126172","display_name":"Photon counting","level":3,"score":0.6536046862602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.5587899684906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13743678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240464","display_name":"Minimum spanning tree","level":2,"score":0.499006986618042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48616692423820496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4685700237751007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4357791244983673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3404543697834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2333659827709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22649246454238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0991010069847107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.09338325262069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08305254578590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2414673725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025Q03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329833","funder_display_name":"Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G522596781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23-2-1-73-zyyd-jch","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328636","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5985856031","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42401549","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7225718679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42404056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7668237938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023QD113","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328636","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Qingdao","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329833","display_name":"Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2110940238","https://openalex.org/W2118020555","https://openalex.org/W2139839146","https://openalex.org/W2274035750","https://openalex.org/W2469823050","https://openalex.org/W2754382284","https://openalex.org/W2915163000","https://openalex.org/W2956453367","https://openalex.org/W3022023120","https://openalex.org/W3049063071","https://openalex.org/W3090911235","https://openalex.org/W3127041552","https://openalex.org/W3133474646","https://openalex.org/W3134545259","https://openalex.org/W3170115643","https://openalex.org/W3209266667","https://openalex.org/W3209540366","https://openalex.org/W4200393246","https://openalex.org/W4214855853","https://openalex.org/W4246528899","https://openalex.org/W4285803983","https://openalex.org/W4293661583","https://openalex.org/W4294983019","https://openalex.org/W4308739658","https://openalex.org/W4310203968","https://openalex.org/W4313061277","https://openalex.org/W4315853543","https://openalex.org/W4318455102","https://openalex.org/W4318562426","https://openalex.org/W4322576901","https://openalex.org/W4327972238","https://openalex.org/W4360770881","https://openalex.org/W4361981738","https://openalex.org/W4362469543","https://openalex.org/W4365140818","https://openalex.org/W4375953501","https://openalex.org/W4379536211","https://openalex.org/W4380143046","https://openalex.org/W4382727475","https://openalex.org/W4384163513","https://openalex.org/W4388532691","https://openalex.org/W4389610436","https://openalex.org/W4390587028","https://openalex.org/W4393906060","https://openalex.org/W4400352019","https://openalex.org/W4402673231","https://openalex.org/W6608152692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W4406302447","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W4281783339","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4328050665"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Space-borne":[0],"photon-counting":[1,22,45,83],"light":[2],"detection":[3,168],"and":[4,36,94,113,204],"ranging":[5],"(LiDAR)":[6],"can":[7,205],"obtain":[8,206],"high-precision":[9],"bathymetry":[10],"information":[11],"for":[12,81,210],"nearshore":[13],"waters.":[14],"However,":[15],"the":[16,20,40,43,52,60,65,102,107,117,124,128,132,136,149,194],"signals":[17],"obtained":[18,98],"by":[19],"space-borne":[21,44,82],"LiDAR":[23,46,84],"contain":[24],"a":[25,48,76,164],"large":[26],"amount":[27],"of":[28,42,54,62,120,126,135,214],"noise":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,59],"atmospheric":[32],"scattering,":[33],"solar":[34],"radiation":[35],"instrumental":[37],"noise.":[38],"Therefore,":[39],"denoising":[41,79,159,179,202,208],"is":[47,111,139,173,197],"key":[49],"component":[50],"in":[51,69],"acquisition":[53],"bathymetric":[55],"information.":[56],"With":[57],"respect":[58],"difficulty":[61],"accurately":[63,207],"denoise":[64],"density":[66,104,212],"heterogeneity":[67],"photons":[68,93,96,144,215],"different":[70,211,217],"water":[71],"depths,":[72],"this":[73],"paper":[74],"proposes":[75],"hierarchical":[77,150],"multiscale":[78,151],"method":[80,172,196],"based":[85,100,115,147],"on":[86,101,116,148],"minimum":[87,108,129],"spanning":[88,109,130],"tree.":[89],"First,":[90],"sea":[91],"surface":[92],"water-column":[95,121,143,157],"are":[97,145,161],"separately":[99],"kernel":[103],"estimation.":[105],"Second,":[106],"tree":[110],"constructed":[112],"split":[114],"spatial":[118],"distribution":[119],"photons.":[122],"In":[123],"process":[125],"splitting":[127],"tree,":[131],"length":[133],"threshold":[134],"interrupted":[137],"branches":[138],"adaptively":[140],"calculated.":[141],"Then,":[142],"denoised":[146],"subtree":[152],"node":[153],"judgment":[154],"strategy.":[155],"Finally,":[156],"photon":[158,178,201],"results":[160,191,209],"refined":[162],"using":[163,181],"box":[165],"plot":[166],"outlier":[167],"method.":[169],"The":[170,189],"proposed":[171,195],"compared":[174],"with":[175],"some":[176],"state-of-the-art":[177],"algorithms":[180],"six":[182],"trajectory":[183],"data":[184],"under":[185,216],"various":[186],"seafloor":[187,218],"terrains.":[188,219],"experimental":[190],"demonstrate":[192],"that":[193],"better":[198],"than":[199],"other":[200],"algorithms,":[203],"distributions":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}