{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409326013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559010","title":"Skywave OTHR Full-Link Modeling and Simulation\u2014Part I: Trans-Ionospheric Sea Clutter","display_name":"Skywave OTHR Full-Link Modeling and Simulation\u2014Part I: Trans-Ionospheric Sea Clutter","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409326013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085795885","display_name":"Zirui Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7827-3223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zirui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7827-3223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006630987","display_name":"Yifei Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-5015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Electronic Science and Technology and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6794-5015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374669","display_name":"Yongsheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1104-5605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongsheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631018","display_name":"Zhen Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-7628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9917-7628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064853579","display_name":"Feixiang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feixiang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059682113","display_name":"Weijian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-8073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134970","display_name":"Wuhan Branch of the National Science Library","ror":"https://ror.org/046n0zq43","country_code":"CN","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210134970","https://openalex.org/I4210148850"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weijian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Electronic Information Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0330-8073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Electronic Information Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046713638","display_name":"Alei Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134970","display_name":"Wuhan Branch of the National Science Library","ror":"https://ror.org/046n0zq43","country_code":"CN","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210134970","https://openalex.org/I4210148850"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Electronic Information Institute, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1279-125X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Electronic Information Institute, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083585131","display_name":"Chao Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7518-9368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Science and Space Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Science and Space Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023528815","display_name":"Ming Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Research Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Research Institute of Radio Wave Propagation, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101788380","display_name":"Junqiang Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2686-566X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junqiang Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Meteorology and Oceanography, and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","College of Meteorology and Oceanography and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2686-566X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography, and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Meteorology and Oceanography and the College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.5438,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94523707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9799000024795532,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9513999819755554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9010999798774719,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skywave","display_name":"Skywave","score":0.9407230615615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6970656514167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.6040787100791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5110991597175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4824002981185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3435344099998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.2852327227592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2004466950893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.17804104089736938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45860500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639901","display_name":"Skywave","level":3,"score":0.9407230615615845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6970656514167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.6040787100791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5110991597175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4824002981185913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3435344099998474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2852327227592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2004466950893402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.17804104089736938}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3559010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4163811986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ4046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326178","funder_display_name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5788630765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6933713292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8330193757","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024RC3122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330206","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326178","display_name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330206","display_name":"Science and Technology Program of Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111686915","https://openalex.org/W203011616","https://openalex.org/W1632098749","https://openalex.org/W1642986305","https://openalex.org/W1839678752","https://openalex.org/W1892783698","https://openalex.org/W1955758735","https://openalex.org/W1966932592","https://openalex.org/W1967670445","https://openalex.org/W1968695384","https://openalex.org/W1968905472","https://openalex.org/W1970962582","https://openalex.org/W1972988116","https://openalex.org/W1982965867","https://openalex.org/W1984581629","https://openalex.org/W1994800120","https://openalex.org/W2003281599","https://openalex.org/W2003856740","https://openalex.org/W2004067652","https://openalex.org/W2005935117","https://openalex.org/W2010852230","https://openalex.org/W2014883701","https://openalex.org/W2017212123","https://openalex.org/W2018311501","https://openalex.org/W2024714333","https://openalex.org/W2030861757","https://openalex.org/W2032830419","https://openalex.org/W2034772036","https://openalex.org/W2042107020","https://openalex.org/W2056868180","https://openalex.org/W2062324699","https://openalex.org/W2066909620","https://openalex.org/W2069086849","https://openalex.org/W2071735950","https://openalex.org/W2083463224","https://openalex.org/W2084759914","https://openalex.org/W2099317576","https://openalex.org/W2100263719","https://openalex.org/W2101056553","https://openalex.org/W2107839185","https://openalex.org/W2112162483","https://openalex.org/W2114281264","https://openalex.org/W2122917829","https://openalex.org/W2133577079","https://openalex.org/W2137919732","https://openalex.org/W2139614243","https://openalex.org/W2145962650","https://openalex.org/W2156525316","https://openalex.org/W2161282341","https://openalex.org/W2163008243","https://openalex.org/W2168987504","https://openalex.org/W2169969006","https://openalex.org/W2177970944","https://openalex.org/W2342733455","https://openalex.org/W2345181645","https://openalex.org/W2415976609","https://openalex.org/W2430676936","https://openalex.org/W2514236866","https://openalex.org/W2540709242","https://openalex.org/W2584434121","https://openalex.org/W2588308723","https://openalex.org/W2622076290","https://openalex.org/W2782796575","https://openalex.org/W2808335994","https://openalex.org/W2889674466","https://openalex.org/W2922768951","https://openalex.org/W2941546110","https://openalex.org/W2996186626","https://openalex.org/W3025949386","https://openalex.org/W3087471357","https://openalex.org/W3117756676","https://openalex.org/W3165004091","https://openalex.org/W3183183017","https://openalex.org/W4206644072","https://openalex.org/W4213019392","https://openalex.org/W4242913222","https://openalex.org/W4253744049","https://openalex.org/W4285294917","https://openalex.org/W4286377447","https://openalex.org/W4297545588","https://openalex.org/W4313031185","https://openalex.org/W4382247612","https://openalex.org/W4386536146","https://openalex.org/W4388095509","https://openalex.org/W4389722549","https://openalex.org/W4393131869","https://openalex.org/W4396690535","https://openalex.org/W4400409523","https://openalex.org/W4402125718","https://openalex.org/W4402159706","https://openalex.org/W4402592500","https://openalex.org/W4404370872","https://openalex.org/W6681422050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091741701","https://openalex.org/W2764890269","https://openalex.org/W2066791332","https://openalex.org/W1194304282","https://openalex.org/W4378228656","https://openalex.org/W2373937466","https://openalex.org/W962158521","https://openalex.org/W2478288433","https://openalex.org/W2472717837","https://openalex.org/W2127107309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over-the-horizon":[0],"radar":[1,97],"(OTHR)":[2],"utilizes":[3],"the":[4,52,94,110,127,137,142,149,199,218,222,226,244],"ionospheric":[5,18,79,104,233,250],"refraction":[6],"and":[7,26,31,47,80,85,103,120,130,144,147,156,163,190,209,217,232,256],"reflection":[8],"in":[9,23,141,188,196,212],"high-frequency":[10],"band":[11],"for":[12,70,96,243],"air-sea":[13],"targets":[14],"detection.":[15],"However,":[16],"non-stationary":[17],"dynamics":[19],"induce":[20],"inhomogeneous":[21],"distortions":[22],"sea":[24,74,88,101,185,189,237],"clutter":[25,75,89,102,186,238,252],"targets,":[27],"significantly":[28],"degrading":[29],"detection":[30],"localization":[32,169,231],"performance.":[33],"To":[34],"address":[35],"this":[36],"challenge,":[37],"we":[38,65,92,135],"present":[39],"a":[40,67],"comprehensive":[41],"investigation":[42],"on":[43,59,126],"OTHR":[44,184],"full-link":[45,71,236],"modeling":[46,72],"simulation":[48,84,175],"to":[49,182,229],"systematically":[50],"analyze":[51],"impact":[53],"of":[54,73,87,100,159,177,205],"various":[55],"trans-ionospheric":[56],"propagation":[57,105,112,121,224],"effects":[58],"echo":[60,138],"signals.":[61],"In":[62],"Part":[63],"I,":[64],"develop":[66],"unified":[68],"framework":[69],"that":[76,221],"incorporate":[77],"background":[78],"oceanic":[81],"conditions,":[82],"enabling":[83],"analysis":[86],"characteristics.":[90],"Firstly,":[91],"establish":[93],"models":[95,140],"cross":[98],"section":[99],"effects.":[106],"Key":[107],"parameters,":[108],"including":[109,249],"wave":[111],"range,":[113,115],"actual":[114],"group":[116],"delay,":[117],"phase":[118],"disturbance,":[119],"loss,":[122],"are":[123,171,180,194,215],"calculated":[124],"based":[125],"Appleton-Hartree":[128],"formula":[129],"ray":[131],"tracing":[132],"technique.":[133],"Secondly,":[134],"construct":[136],"signal":[139,246],"fast-":[143],"slow-time":[145],"domain":[146],"derive":[148],"corresponding":[150],"range-Doppler":[151],"spectrum.":[152],"The":[153,202,235],"origin":[154],"mechanism":[155],"intrinsic":[157],"cause":[158],"Doppler":[160,206],"shifting,":[161,207],"broadening,":[162,208],"splitting,":[164],"as":[165,167],"well":[166],"range":[168,230],"errors":[170],"theoretically":[172],"analyzed.":[173],"Finally,":[174],"experiments":[176],"three":[178],"scenarios":[179],"designed":[181],"produce":[183],"data":[187,214],"air":[191],"modes,":[192],"which":[193],"validated":[195],"comparison":[197],"with":[198],"real":[200,213],"data.":[201],"typical":[203],"phenomena":[204],"splitting":[210],"observed":[211],"reproduced,":[216],"results":[219],"indicate":[220],"multi-mode":[223],"is":[225],"main":[227],"obstacle":[228],"decontamination.":[234],"model":[239],"provides":[240],"critical":[241],"insights":[242],"subsequent":[245],"processing":[247],"tasks":[248],"decontamination,":[251],"suppression,":[253],"target":[254],"detection,":[255],"localization.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
