{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408358199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550573","title":"A Novel Spatial Prediction Method Integrating Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Into Random Forest for Large-Scale Daily Air Temperature Mapping","display_name":"A Novel Spatial Prediction Method Integrating Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Into Random Forest for Large-Scale Daily Air Temperature Mapping","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408358199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049927222","display_name":"Yachun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-8596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuxue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102269915","display_name":"Yue Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055819576","display_name":"Bingbo Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-4873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingbo Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067681796","display_name":"Yelu Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4267-1841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yelu Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080620053","display_name":"Yuanyuan Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0196-7673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102886809","display_name":"Ziyue Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4103-3792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Global Change and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Global Change and Earth System Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078340301","display_name":"Quanlong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0569-4131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quanlong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102979141","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4248-8310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106325","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01fbgjv04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Agricultural Information and Economics, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106325"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106406865","display_name":"Jianyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8660-8254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52158045","display_name":"China Agricultural University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v3ywz14","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049927222"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52158045"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76995639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.8741000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.8176000118255615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6420389413833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5787683725357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5365344285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5186511874198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.5180961489677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-ecology","display_name":"Spatial ecology","score":0.4604739248752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3965872526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.35343605279922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2238752841949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.17295154929161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14974921941757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.10833865404129028}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6420389413833618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5787683725357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5365344285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5186511874198914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5180961489677429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.4604739248752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3965872526168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.35343605279922485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2238752841949463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.17295154929161072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14974921941757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.10833865404129028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550573","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550573","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1417650532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42271428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W143236119","https://openalex.org/W1597568200","https://openalex.org/W1952209585","https://openalex.org/W1967971252","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1979944333","https://openalex.org/W1993894234","https://openalex.org/W2004014822","https://openalex.org/W2016260091","https://openalex.org/W2026337749","https://openalex.org/W2034439048","https://openalex.org/W2043102610","https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2084032127","https://openalex.org/W2085210969","https://openalex.org/W2091147036","https://openalex.org/W2118778800","https://openalex.org/W2131421516","https://openalex.org/W2147330627","https://openalex.org/W2163283323","https://openalex.org/W2242994172","https://openalex.org/W2286342028","https://openalex.org/W2343188872","https://openalex.org/W2784327149","https://openalex.org/W2790927963","https://openalex.org/W2792606736","https://openalex.org/W2883227601","https://openalex.org/W2904391595","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2913427433","https://openalex.org/W2930389570","https://openalex.org/W2978281297","https://openalex.org/W2994738764","https://openalex.org/W2998677958","https://openalex.org/W3005739096","https://openalex.org/W3010677300","https://openalex.org/W3034933863","https://openalex.org/W3035845777","https://openalex.org/W3088971752","https://openalex.org/W3125777535","https://openalex.org/W3149377653","https://openalex.org/W3197722430","https://openalex.org/W3204634767","https://openalex.org/W4206768815","https://openalex.org/W4221002889","https://openalex.org/W4224981966","https://openalex.org/W4235326226","https://openalex.org/W4280534943","https://openalex.org/W4282007141","https://openalex.org/W4285593880","https://openalex.org/W4285736341","https://openalex.org/W4286299948","https://openalex.org/W4293598796","https://openalex.org/W4293759745","https://openalex.org/W4307956187","https://openalex.org/W4312043167","https://openalex.org/W4313367337","https://openalex.org/W4323921147","https://openalex.org/W4377695048","https://openalex.org/W4385324122","https://openalex.org/W4386935526","https://openalex.org/W4392940562","https://openalex.org/W4399367519","https://openalex.org/W4400284217","https://openalex.org/W6776623817","https://openalex.org/W6809672936","https://openalex.org/W6852029143"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4239351380","https://openalex.org/W4238028212","https://openalex.org/W2963387968","https://openalex.org/W1486009484","https://openalex.org/W2146714472","https://openalex.org/W3025157844","https://openalex.org/W2361570780","https://openalex.org/W2149765389","https://openalex.org/W1520742015","https://openalex.org/W2137117200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurately":[0],"predicting":[1],"spatially":[2,94,114,277],"continuous":[3],"daily":[4,179],"air":[5],"temperature":[6,32],"(Ta)":[7],"is":[8,26,157],"critical":[9],"for":[10,81],"agriculture,":[11],"environmental":[12],"management,":[13],"and":[14,51,58,72,131,143,212,231,254,276],"ecology.":[15],"While":[16],"meteorological":[17,37,192],"stations":[18],"provide":[19],"precise":[20],"Ta":[21,50,180],"data,":[22,38],"their":[23],"spatial":[24,41,70,104,137,141,147,168,175,282],"coverage":[25,42],"limited.":[27],"Remotely":[28],"sensed":[29],"land":[30],"surface":[31],"(LST),":[33],"often":[34,65],"fused":[35],"with":[36,139,269,273],"offers":[39,266],"broader":[40],"but":[43],"struggles":[44],"due":[45],"to":[46,67,101,112,154,164,178,226],"complex":[47],"relationships":[48,172],"between":[49],"LST,":[52],"influenced":[53],"by":[54,239],"factors":[55],"like":[56],"topography":[57],"human":[59],"activities.":[60],"Traditional":[61],"supervised":[62],"learning":[63],"methods":[64],"fail":[66],"capture":[68,113],"the":[69,76,79,93,120,149,166,171,174,194],"autocorrelation":[71],"heterogeneity":[73],"inherent":[74],"in":[75],"relationships,":[77],"indicating":[78],"need":[80],"a":[82,160],"more":[83],"robust":[84],"approach":[85],"that":[86],"integrates":[87],"geographic":[88],"knowledge.":[89],"This":[90],"study":[91,121],"proposes":[92],"varying":[95],"coefficients":[96],"random":[97,109],"forest":[98,110],"(SVCRF)":[99],"model,":[100],"integrate":[102],"exploratory":[103],"data":[105,189],"analysis":[106],"(ESDAs)":[107],"into":[108],"(RF)":[111],"nonstationary":[115],"relationships.":[116],"It":[117],"first":[118],"stratifies":[119],"area":[122],"based":[123],"on":[124],"bivariate":[125],"Local":[126],"Indicators":[127],"of":[128,170,204,217],"Spatial":[129],"Association":[130],"geographical":[132],"detector,":[133],"then":[134],"builds":[135],"several":[136],"RFs":[138],"specific":[140],"positions":[142],"extent.":[144,176],"In":[145],"each":[146],"RF,":[148,227],"distance":[150],"from":[151,190],"observation/prediction":[152],"sites":[153],"its":[155],"position":[156],"added":[158],"as":[159],"key":[161],"predictor":[162],"variable":[163,279],"model":[165,196,264],"local":[167],"variations":[169],"within":[173],"Applied":[177],"mapping":[181],"at":[182],"1":[183],"km":[184],"resolution":[185],"across":[186],"China":[187],"using":[188],"5425":[191],"stations,":[193],"SVCRF":[195],"demonstrated":[197],"superior":[198],"accuracy,":[199],"achieving":[200],"root-mean-squared":[201],"error":[202,215],"(RMSE)":[203],"<inline-formula":[205,218,240,247,255],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[206,219,241,248,256],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[207,220,242,249,257],"<tex-math":[208,221,243,250,258],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.315~^{\\circ":[209],"}$":[210,223,245,252,260],"</tex-math></inline-formula>C":[211],"mean":[213],"absolute":[214],"(MAE)":[216],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.014~^{\\circ":[222],"</tex-math></inline-formula>C.":[224],"Compared":[225],"regression":[228,234],"kriging":[229],"(RK),":[230],"geographically":[232],"weighted":[233],"(GWR),":[235],"it":[236],"reduced":[237],"MAE":[238],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.351~^{\\circ":[244],"</tex-math></inline-formula>C,":[246,253,261],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.786~^{\\circ":[251],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.831~^{\\circ":[259],"respectively.":[262],"The":[263],"also":[265],"high":[267],"interpretability,":[268],"uncertainty":[270],"estimates":[271],"aligning":[272],"actual":[274],"errors":[275],"resolved":[278],"importance":[280],"highlighting":[281],"patterns.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-06T13:50:29.536080","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}