{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408609639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550554","title":"Integrating SAR and Optical Imagery Analysis for Liquefaction Phenomenon Identification of Post-Pohang Earthquake 2017, South Korea, Utilizing a Hybrid Deep-Learning Approach","display_name":"Integrating SAR and Optical Imagery Analysis for Liquefaction Phenomenon Identification of Post-Pohang Earthquake 2017, South Korea, Utilizing a Hybrid Deep-Learning Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408609639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550554"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072830845","display_name":"Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-7999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Fulki Fadhillah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science Education and Interdisciplinary Program in Earth Environmental System Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea","Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Gangwondo, Chuncheon-si, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-7999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Education and Interdisciplinary Program in Earth Environmental System Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Gangwondo, Chuncheon-si, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007160576","display_name":"Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-7018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wahyu Luqmanul Hakim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science Education and Interdisciplinary Program in Earth Environmental System Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea","Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Gangwondo, Chuncheon-si, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-7018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Education and Interdisciplinary Program in Earth Environmental System Science and Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Gangwondo, Chuncheon-si, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057108257","display_name":"Sungjae Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-1821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Jae Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Regional Innovation, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea","Department of Smart Regional Innovation, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9583-1821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Regional Innovation, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Regional Innovation, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045171576","display_name":"Chang-Wook Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-3225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Wook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Science Education, Department of Smart Regional Innovation, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea","Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7235-3225","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Education, Department of Smart Regional Innovation, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do, Chuncheon-si, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4937,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.959542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.957099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.957099974155426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9386000037193298,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9043999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6218571662902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.617702066898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquefaction","display_name":"Liquefaction","score":0.5762229561805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5536516308784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5465826392173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.5364680290222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.10229367017745972}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6218571662902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.617702066898346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191859794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180208","display_name":"Liquefaction","level":2,"score":0.5762229561805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5536516308784485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5465826392173767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.5364680290222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10229367017745972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3550554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2569376271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1A2C1085686","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2755013678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KOPRI Project No. PE22900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322474","funder_display_name":"Korea Polar Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4300988326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00165154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322114","funder_display_name":"Korea Aerospace Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4385756174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2019R1A2C1085686","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322114","display_name":"Korea Aerospace Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/037pqnq23"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322474","display_name":"Korea Polar Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00n14a494"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631729142","https://openalex.org/W1679728664","https://openalex.org/W1966573946","https://openalex.org/W1967137980","https://openalex.org/W1970673507","https://openalex.org/W1974850019","https://openalex.org/W1978617972","https://openalex.org/W1992560042","https://openalex.org/W2017493692","https://openalex.org/W2020373202","https://openalex.org/W2039908035","https://openalex.org/W2044648858","https://openalex.org/W2061577342","https://openalex.org/W2064038616","https://openalex.org/W2065822370","https://openalex.org/W2066173393","https://openalex.org/W2066363435","https://openalex.org/W2112183468","https://openalex.org/W2139900770","https://openalex.org/W2626212315","https://openalex.org/W2801531238","https://openalex.org/W2802473331","https://openalex.org/W2891179626","https://openalex.org/W2892335410","https://openalex.org/W2896699532","https://openalex.org/W2901179696","https://openalex.org/W2903133439","https://openalex.org/W2916526563","https://openalex.org/W2942137712","https://openalex.org/W2960977325","https://openalex.org/W2966751049","https://openalex.org/W2969238535","https://openalex.org/W2974061962","https://openalex.org/W2982513857","https://openalex.org/W2986778356","https://openalex.org/W2991329736","https://openalex.org/W2991398614","https://openalex.org/W3007061420","https://openalex.org/W3014531773","https://openalex.org/W3015539238","https://openalex.org/W3019827564","https://openalex.org/W3048285196","https://openalex.org/W3101098394","https://openalex.org/W3112585178","https://openalex.org/W3162554711","https://openalex.org/W3164053937","https://openalex.org/W3175469087","https://openalex.org/W3214433550","https://openalex.org/W4206714786","https://openalex.org/W4206715406","https://openalex.org/W4220996671","https://openalex.org/W4226293251","https://openalex.org/W4288064573","https://openalex.org/W4293206753","https://openalex.org/W4312258413","https://openalex.org/W4315490114","https://openalex.org/W4316511189","https://openalex.org/W4362575762","https://openalex.org/W4387521479","https://openalex.org/W4387623833","https://openalex.org/W4388230576","https://openalex.org/W4392846360","https://openalex.org/W4394699167","https://openalex.org/W4400872064","https://openalex.org/W4405844894","https://openalex.org/W6796395843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011512739","https://openalex.org/W1992541691","https://openalex.org/W2023882058","https://openalex.org/W1493863471","https://openalex.org/W2553731026","https://openalex.org/W2186232248","https://openalex.org/W3216461107","https://openalex.org/W2990671136","https://openalex.org/W1587402136","https://openalex.org/W4252699458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"interesting":[1],"liquefaction":[2,165,219],"event":[3],"happened":[4],"following":[5,111,130],"the":[6,43,80,87,141,164,187,201,211,216,221,225,230],"5.6-Mw":[7],"Pohang":[8,112,227],"earthquake":[9,22,132],"on":[10,134,140,224],"November":[11],"15,":[12],"2017.":[13],"Liquefaction":[14],"affects":[15],"soil":[16,66,109],"density":[17],"as":[18],"a":[19,153,172,185],"result":[20],"of":[21,116,156,205,218,236],"vibrations,":[23],"causing":[24],"water":[25,40,106,123,150],"to":[26,61,77,85,102,120,127,160,214],"ascend":[27],"and":[28,65,108,136,180,229],"combine":[29],"with":[30,53,152,197],"solid":[31],"soil.":[32],"In":[33,95],"general,":[34],"this":[35,93,208,237],"effect":[36],"results":[37,231],"from":[38,75],"increasing":[39],"pressure":[41],"in":[42,92,105,122,149,220],"buried":[44],"lower":[45],"layer.":[46],"Remote":[47],"sensing":[48],"data,":[49],"particularly":[50],"those":[51],"obtained":[52],"differential":[54],"interferometry":[55],"SAR":[56],"(DInSAR),":[57],"can":[58,232],"be":[59,90],"utilized":[60],"assess":[62],"surface":[63],"changes":[64,104,121,148],"moisture":[67,110],"levels.":[68],"This":[69],"analysis":[70],"utilizes":[71],"Sentinel-1":[72],"C-band":[73],"data":[74,99],"2017":[76,226],"2020.":[78],"Furthermore,":[79],"biased":[81],"time-series":[82],"identification":[83],"presented":[84],"analyze":[86],"anomaly":[88],"may":[89,146],"present":[91],"study.":[94],"addition,":[96],"optical":[97,144],"satellite":[98],"were":[100],"used":[101,126],"estimate":[103],"content":[107,124,151],"earthquake.":[113],"A":[114],"combination":[115],"spectral":[117],"bands":[118],"sensitive":[119],"was":[125,191,210],"identify":[128],"anomalies":[129],"an":[131,198],"based":[133,223],"Sentinel-2":[135],"Landsat-8":[137],"data.":[138,162],"Based":[139],"spatial":[142,154],"analysis,":[143],"images":[145],"detect":[147],"accuracy":[155],"60%\u201380%":[157],"when":[158],"compared":[159],"field":[161],"Moreover,":[163],"susceptibility":[166,188],"map":[167],"has":[168],"been":[169],"generated":[170],"using":[171,193],"hybrid":[173],"dense":[174],"convolutional":[175],"neural":[176],"network":[177],"(DCNN)":[178],"architecture":[179],"swarm-based":[181],"optimization":[182],"algorithm.":[183],"As":[184],"result,":[186],"model":[189],"performance":[190],"conducted":[192],"k-fold":[194],"cross":[195],"correlation":[196],"area":[199],"under":[200],"curve":[202],"(AUC)":[203],"value":[204],"0.75\u20130.86.":[206],"However,":[207],"research":[209],"initial":[212],"effort":[213],"determine":[215],"potential":[217],"future":[222],"earthquake,":[228],"improve":[233],"our":[234],"understanding":[235],"phenomenon":[238],"compression.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}