{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407316290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3540289","title":"Full-Coverage Mapping of Daily High-Resolution XCO <sub>2</sub> Across China From 2015 to 2020 by Deep Learning-Based Spatio-Temporal Fusion","display_name":"Full-Coverage Mapping of Daily High-Resolution XCO <sub>2</sub> Across China From 2015 to 2020 by Deep Learning-Based Spatio-Temporal Fusion","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407316290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3540289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3540289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3540289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114204478","display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6107-5396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6107-5396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047516173","display_name":"Jining Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-5427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jining Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0680-5427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057033978","display_name":"Liheng Zhong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-9168"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liheng Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group World Financial Center, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-9168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group World Financial Center, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101202010","display_name":"De Bao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5903-0681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the Engineering Research Center of Natural Resource Information Management and Digital Twin Engineering Software, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101206853","display_name":"Leigang Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147114","display_name":"Hebei Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03xqveg17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147114"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leigang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147114"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412642","display_name":"Guangyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-0618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204710742","display_name":"Ministry of Ecology and Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04gwbew76","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204710742"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Development Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China","Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Development Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204710742"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204710742"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8215,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94613148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14393","display_name":"Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10836","display_name":"Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies","score":0.932200014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5274874567985535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-resolution","display_name":"High resolution","score":0.5173203945159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5055670738220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.48820072412490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-resolution","display_name":"Temporal resolution","score":0.4820488393306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4683484435081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4250551164150238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36610713601112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32950928807258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3200908899307251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5274874567985535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020199158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"High resolution","level":2,"score":0.5173203945159912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5055670738220215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.48820072412490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119666444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5977280","display_name":"Temporal resolution","level":2,"score":0.4820488393306732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4683484435081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4250551164150238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36610713601112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32950928807258606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3200908899307251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3540289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3540289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6842118334","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42471505","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1859527060","https://openalex.org/W1968304816","https://openalex.org/W2013206959","https://openalex.org/W2013296755","https://openalex.org/W2029214239","https://openalex.org/W2072139589","https://openalex.org/W2084844944","https://openalex.org/W2102011017","https://openalex.org/W2108198825","https://openalex.org/W2139243186","https://openalex.org/W2167687242","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2762947920","https://openalex.org/W2770377094","https://openalex.org/W2946497275","https://openalex.org/W2996645988","https://openalex.org/W3005115255","https://openalex.org/W3007410392","https://openalex.org/W3081335952","https://openalex.org/W3093475346","https://openalex.org/W3117332519","https://openalex.org/W3129235015","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3141849089","https://openalex.org/W3142397881","https://openalex.org/W3159392362","https://openalex.org/W3163993681","https://openalex.org/W3194730353","https://openalex.org/W3202689792","https://openalex.org/W4213098229","https://openalex.org/W4220680346","https://openalex.org/W4220806795","https://openalex.org/W4247935030","https://openalex.org/W4281996153","https://openalex.org/W4285271718","https://openalex.org/W4307986002","https://openalex.org/W4310796427","https://openalex.org/W4313491978","https://openalex.org/W4313560427","https://openalex.org/W4380883388","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385694264","https://openalex.org/W4385896934","https://openalex.org/W4387121810","https://openalex.org/W4387828926","https://openalex.org/W4390787438","https://openalex.org/W4400134761","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4401070687","https://openalex.org/W4402486620"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132659060","https://openalex.org/W2031992971","https://openalex.org/W3214791684","https://openalex.org/W2152662039","https://openalex.org/W1966472837","https://openalex.org/W2071207587","https://openalex.org/W4320807967","https://openalex.org/W2039246943","https://openalex.org/W2128760873","https://openalex.org/W4249245269"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Carbon":[0,128,206],"neutrality":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4,92,136,235],"global":[5],"priority,":[6],"and":[7,28,40,50,111,131,147,171,217,225],"high":[8],"spatio-temporal":[9,85,95,228],"resolution":[10,57,139,160],"data":[11,103,124,197,232],"on":[12,80],"the":[13,54,65,84,126,204],"column-average":[14],"dry-air":[15],"mole":[16],"fraction":[17],"carbon":[18,109,112],"dioxide":[19],"(XCO<sub":[20],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[21,35,73,117,122,162,176,242],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>)":[22],"is":[23,61],"essential":[24],"for":[25,68,165,238],"tracking":[26],"progress":[27],"guiding":[29],"policy":[30],"adjustments.":[31],"However,":[32],"satellite-derived":[33],"XCO<sub":[34,72,116,121,161,175,241],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[36,74,118,123,163,177,243],"exhibits":[37],"significant":[38],"temporal":[39],"spatial":[41,56,138],"gaps":[42],"due":[43],"to":[44,63,106,140,169],"influences":[45],"such":[46],"as":[47,151],"orbital":[48],"dynamics":[49],"cloud":[51],"cover.":[52],"Additionally,":[53,120],"low":[55],"of":[58,203,215,220,227],"CarbonTracker":[59],"(CT)":[60],"insufficient":[62],"meet":[64],"current":[66],"demands":[67],"fine-scale":[69,115],"monitoring.":[70],"Current":[71],"assessment":[75],"methods":[76],"often":[77],"rely":[78],"solely":[79],"single-pixel":[81],"data,":[82],"overlooking":[83],"correlations.":[86],"In":[87],"this":[88,181],"article,":[89],"we":[90],"introduce":[91],"deep":[93,191],"learning-based":[94],"model":[96,188],"(DSTM)":[97],"that":[98,186],"extracts":[99],"features":[100,229],"from":[101,125,167,198,230],"multiple":[102,231],"sources":[104,233],"related":[105],"atmospheric":[107],"transport,":[108],"emissions,":[110],"sinks,":[113],"enabling":[114],"assessments.":[119],"Orbiting":[127],"Observatory-2":[129],"(OCO-2)":[130],"CT":[132],"were":[133],"fused":[134],"at":[135],"0.1\u00b0":[137,159],"generate":[141],"training":[142],"labels":[143],"with":[144],"broader":[145],"coverage":[146],"more":[148],"samples,":[149],"serving":[150],"fitting":[152],"labels.":[153],"Our":[154],"approach":[155,237],"produced":[156],"daily,":[157],"full-coverage":[158],"maps":[164],"China":[166],"2015":[168],"2020,":[170],"analyzed":[172],"changes":[173],"in":[174],"growth":[178],"trends":[179],"over":[180],"period.":[182],"Numerical":[183],"results":[184],"show":[185],"our":[187],"outperforms":[189],"traditional":[190],"learning":[192],"methods.":[193],"Model":[194],"validation":[195],"using":[196],"four":[199],"ground-based":[200],"observation":[201],"sites":[202],"Total":[205],"Column":[207],"Observing":[208],"Network":[209],"(TCCON)":[210],"achieved":[211],"an":[212,218],"average":[213],"R\u00b2":[214],"0.86":[216],"RMSE":[219],"2.67":[221],"ppm.":[222],"The":[223],"extraction":[224],"fusion":[226],"provide":[234],"novel":[236],"reconstructing":[239],"missing":[240],"data.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}