{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406322788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3528464","title":"Limited-Data SAR ATR Causal Method via Dual-Invariance Intervention","display_name":"Limited-Data SAR ATR Causal Method via Dual-Invariance Intervention","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406322788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3528464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3528464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3528464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100704317","display_name":"Chenwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-7776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-7776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100700831","display_name":"Renjie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-7273"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renjie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["CityU-Oxford Joint Center for Intelligent Multidimensional Data Analysis, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6951-7273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CityU-Oxford Joint Center for Intelligent Multidimensional Data Analysis, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027924825","display_name":"Yulin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-9323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-9323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013688635","display_name":"Jifang Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-6642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifang Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4616-6642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101777153","display_name":"Chuan Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-2737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7133-2737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102869804","display_name":"Wenqi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-1406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6449-1406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660972","display_name":"Jianyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":74.2329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99893155,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5687819123268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5326331257820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5222837924957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.5080640316009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.314656525850296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.13913926482200623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5687819123268127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5326331257820129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5222837924957275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.5080640316009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.314656525850296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13913926482200623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3528464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2025.3528464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1199435188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024NSFSC0480","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","funder_display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5488306297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023NSFSC1970","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","funder_display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336756","display_name":"Tianjin Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W322998299","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2037437396","https://openalex.org/W2041478093","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2138388365","https://openalex.org/W2143117649","https://openalex.org/W2143891888","https://openalex.org/W2144020560","https://openalex.org/W2154610955","https://openalex.org/W2161914416","https://openalex.org/W2170719503","https://openalex.org/W2172174689","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2292481059","https://openalex.org/W2405858985","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2486285194","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2544339223","https://openalex.org/W2588453093","https://openalex.org/W2615263668","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2741749842","https://openalex.org/W2753007557","https://openalex.org/W2762294195","https://openalex.org/W2806263990","https://openalex.org/W2889621419","https://openalex.org/W2891315279","https://openalex.org/W2909500413","https://openalex.org/W2910646624","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2944003962","https://openalex.org/W2963062793","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2976243291","https://openalex.org/W2981395580","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W2989280734","https://openalex.org/W2990641522","https://openalex.org/W2991154926","https://openalex.org/W2997085028","https://openalex.org/W2998624838","https://openalex.org/W3012162230","https://openalex.org/W3013937784","https://openalex.org/W3022640406","https://openalex.org/W3032972472","https://openalex.org/W3038113894","https://openalex.org/W3044680161","https://openalex.org/W3044749031","https://openalex.org/W3045982802","https://openalex.org/W3046165398","https://openalex.org/W3056736931","https://openalex.org/W3080779728","https://openalex.org/W3091902759","https://openalex.org/W3121583704","https://openalex.org/W3124574862","https://openalex.org/W3126889605","https://openalex.org/W3127085598","https://openalex.org/W3135205122","https://openalex.org/W3148432746","https://openalex.org/W3152264159","https://openalex.org/W3169332058","https://openalex.org/W3169512507","https://openalex.org/W3173963551","https://openalex.org/W3194531425","https://openalex.org/W3205156060","https://openalex.org/W3205196764","https://openalex.org/W3206873062","https://openalex.org/W3208926440","https://openalex.org/W3210550848","https://openalex.org/W3211012720","https://openalex.org/W4200056568","https://openalex.org/W4205306435","https://openalex.org/W4220803034","https://openalex.org/W4229946309","https://openalex.org/W4236213345","https://openalex.org/W4246193833","https://openalex.org/W4281252524","https://openalex.org/W4283361312","https://openalex.org/W4285235155","https://openalex.org/W4285288059","https://openalex.org/W4285821294","https://openalex.org/W4288777466","https://openalex.org/W4294553991","https://openalex.org/W4296558678","https://openalex.org/W4313137923","https://openalex.org/W4327521558","https://openalex.org/W4353071159","https://openalex.org/W4385819609","https://openalex.org/W4386212318","https://openalex.org/W4387158208","https://openalex.org/W4391582449","https://openalex.org/W4392118985","https://openalex.org/W4396806872","https://openalex.org/W6611190527","https://openalex.org/W6631984995","https://openalex.org/W6632397832","https://openalex.org/W6637220762","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6682713193","https://openalex.org/W6683825394","https://openalex.org/W6695314431","https://openalex.org/W6734641875","https://openalex.org/W6763493783","https://openalex.org/W6783399553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4252699458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthetic":[0],"aperture":[1],"radar":[2],"automatic":[3],"target":[4],"recognition":[5,202,229],"(SAR":[6],"ATR)":[7],"with":[8,61,77,82,200],"limited":[9,29,64,83,192],"data":[10,31,166,193],"has":[11],"gained":[12],"significant":[13],"attention":[14],"as":[15],"practical":[16],"application":[17],"requirements":[18],"change.":[19],"Despite":[20],"many":[21],"proposed":[22,182],"methods,":[23],"key":[24,188],"problems":[25],"caused":[26,190],"by":[27,191],"the":[28,53,68,72,111,127,132,135,154,161,169,174,177,181,187,211,214,220,223,226,232],"SAR":[30,44,57,91,100,143,165,216],"remain":[32],"under-researched,":[33],"hindering":[34],"further":[35],"performance":[36,88,230],"improvement.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"article,":[40],"we":[41,96],"establish":[42],"an":[43,197],"ATR":[45,58,101,217],"model":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48,206],"causal":[49,54,102,112,215],"theory.":[50],"It":[51,158],"compares":[52],"effect":[55],"of":[56,71,89,129,171,213,222,231],"between":[59],"cases":[60],"ample":[62,78,164],"and":[63,126,146,225,228,236],"data,":[65,79,84],"showing":[66],"that":[67],"negative":[69],"impact":[70],"confounder,":[73,175],"which":[74,108],"is":[75,80,117,139],"blocked":[76],"introduced":[81],"resulting":[85],"in":[86],"poor":[87],"limited-data":[90,99,150],"ATR.":[92],"To":[93],"address":[94],"this,":[95],"propose":[97],"a":[98],"method":[103,183],"via":[104],"dual":[105,136],"invariance":[106,125,137],"intervention,":[107],"first":[109],"derives":[110,196],"interventional":[113],"solution.":[114],"This":[115],"solution":[116,199],"transformed":[118],"into":[119],"two":[120,178],"optimizable":[121],"objectives:":[122],"inner-class":[123],"feature":[124],"independence":[128,170],"features":[130,148,172],"from":[131,173],"confounder.":[133],"Subsequently,":[134],"mechanism":[138],"designed":[140],"to":[141],"filter":[142],"outlier":[144],"samples":[145],"noise":[147],"under":[149],"conditions,":[151],"accurately":[152],"obtaining":[153],"intraclass":[155],"invariant":[156],"feature.":[157],"also":[159,195],"alleviates":[160],"need":[162],"for":[163],"when":[167],"optimizing":[168],"achieving":[176],"objectives.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"not":[184],"only":[185],"unravels":[186],"problem":[189],"but":[194],"effective":[198],"precise":[201],"performance.":[203],"Extensive":[204],"experiments":[205],"three":[207],"benchmark":[208],"datasets":[209],"validate":[210],"rationality":[212],"(CSA)":[218],"model,":[219],"effectiveness":[221],"solution,":[224],"soundness":[227],"method.":[233],"The":[234],"codes":[235],"more":[237],"experimental":[238],"results":[239],"will":[240],"be":[241],"released":[242],"at":[243],"<uri":[244],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[245],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/cwwangSARATR/SARATR_Causal_Dual_Invariance</uri>.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}