{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405270459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515648","title":"MLP-Net: Multilayer Perceptron Fusion Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","display_name":"MLP-Net: Multilayer Perceptron Fusion Network for Infrared Small Target Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405270459","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515648"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086585682","display_name":"Zhishe Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0763-5901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhishe Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0763-5901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012555411","display_name":"Chunfa Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunfa Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784543","display_name":"Xiaosong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6048-1577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46305995","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01wcbdc92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaosong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017674477","display_name":"Chaoqun Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-0423"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoqun Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety and Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety &#x0026; Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-0423","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety and Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety &#x0026; Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030623154","display_name":"Jiawei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-0563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety and Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety &#x0026; Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-0563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety and Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Informatics for Safety &#x0026; Emergency of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086585682"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46305995"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":61.1687,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99897606,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9247999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.6574759483337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6007186770439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5392924547195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4888443350791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4776952564716339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.4528045952320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.44964656233787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.42714375257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.42700886726379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4220849275588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3473502993583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1112070381641388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0915779173374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08247289061546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08057445287704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.06940868496894836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.6574759483337402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6007186770439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5392924547195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4888443350791931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4776952564716339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.4528045952320099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.44964656233787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.42714375257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.42700886726379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4220849275588989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3473502993583679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1112070381641388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0915779173374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08247289061546326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08057445287704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.06940868496894836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515648","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1010467271","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LY23F030001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317779","funder_display_name":"Zhejiang\u00a0Provincial\u00a0Postdoctoral\u00a0Science\u00a0Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8005839843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202203021221144","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317779","display_name":"Zhejiang\u00a0Provincial\u00a0Postdoctoral\u00a0Science\u00a0Foundation","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322666","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W2006851788","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2947066337","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W3014054456","https://openalex.org/W3046278365","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3097913527","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3124866053","https://openalex.org/W3145563919","https://openalex.org/W3163465952","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3183676354","https://openalex.org/W3198582484","https://openalex.org/W3211479446","https://openalex.org/W4212863773","https://openalex.org/W4224937218","https://openalex.org/W4226043641","https://openalex.org/W4226297238","https://openalex.org/W4289656174","https://openalex.org/W4312678820","https://openalex.org/W4312827004","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313506322","https://openalex.org/W4313855947","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4317987737","https://openalex.org/W4366668641","https://openalex.org/W4377710514","https://openalex.org/W4386076367","https://openalex.org/W4387129496","https://openalex.org/W4387350548","https://openalex.org/W4387951721","https://openalex.org/W4388266680","https://openalex.org/W4390889742","https://openalex.org/W4391020229","https://openalex.org/W4391250905","https://openalex.org/W4391376377","https://openalex.org/W4392903290","https://openalex.org/W4393170569","https://openalex.org/W4394744910","https://openalex.org/W4396941353","https://openalex.org/W4398765085","https://openalex.org/W4399527391","https://openalex.org/W6795140394"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W89844371","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W4286643620","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W2492135063","https://openalex.org/W2362514456","https://openalex.org/W2136232598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Infrared":[0],"small":[1,15],"target":[2],"detection":[3,168,187],"(IRSTD)":[4],"faces":[5],"various":[6],"challenges":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9],"long":[10],"distances,":[11],"weak":[12],"features,":[13],"and":[14,85,95,122,150,177],"scales.":[16],"While":[17],"methodologies":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20,125,173],"convolutional":[21],"neural":[22],"networks":[23],"(CNNs)":[24],"have":[25],"made":[26],"strides,":[27],"they":[28],"are":[29],"inherently":[30],"hampered":[31],"by":[32],"a":[33,69,103,139],"bias":[34],"toward":[35],"local":[36,93],"reduction,":[37],"limiting":[38],"their":[39,58],"global":[40,89],"interpretive":[41],"power.":[42],"Conversely,":[43],"Transformer-based":[44],"approaches,":[45],"though":[46],"capable":[47],"of":[48,83,131,163],"capturing":[49],"long-range":[50,132],"dependencies,":[51],"struggle":[52],"with":[53,114],"computational":[54],"inefficiencies":[55],"due":[56],"to":[57,87,145,155,166],"quadratic":[59],"complexity.":[60],"To":[61],"surmount":[62],"these":[63],"challenges,":[64],"this":[65],"article":[66],"presents":[67],"MLP-Net,":[68],"novel":[70],"multilayer":[71],"perceptron":[72],"(MLP)":[73],"fusion":[74,142],"network":[75],"for":[76],"IRSTD.":[77],"The":[78,193],"architecture":[79],"combines":[80],"the":[81,111,119,129,160,174,182],"advantages":[82],"CNNs":[84],"MLPs":[86],"capture":[88],"semantic":[90],"information":[91,117],"from":[92,153],"features":[94],"significantly":[96],"enhance":[97],"feature":[98],"representation.":[99],"Additionally,":[100],"we":[101,137],"develop":[102],"parallel":[104],"token":[105,112],"interaction":[106],"mixer":[107],"(PTIM)":[108],"that":[109,181],"processes":[110],"representations":[113],"direction-specific":[115],"interactive":[116],"across":[118],"height,":[120],"width,":[121],"channel":[123],"dimensions":[124],"MLPs,":[126],"dynamically":[127],"reinforcing":[128],"ability":[130],"dependency":[133],"modeling.":[134],"Complementing":[135],"this,":[136],"devise":[138],"contextual":[140],"selection":[141],"module":[143,158],"(CSFM)":[144],"gradually":[146],"aggregate":[147],"high-level":[148],"semantics":[149],"low-level":[151],"details":[152],"coarse":[154],"fine.":[156],"This":[157],"integrates":[159],"complementary":[161],"characteristics":[162],"different":[164],"layers":[165],"promote":[167],"accuracy.":[169],"Finally,":[170],"comprehensive":[171],"experiments":[172],"NUAA-SIRST,":[175],"NUDT-SIRST,":[176],"IRSTD-1K":[178],"benchmarks":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"proposed":[183],"MLP-Net":[184],"delivers":[185],"promising":[186],"performance,":[188],"transcending":[189],"other":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"alternatives.":[192],"relevant":[194],"codes":[195],"will":[196],"be":[197],"available":[198],"at":[199],"<uri":[200],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[201],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/Zhishe-Wang/MLP-Net</uri>.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40}],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
