{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405270593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515258","title":"AEKAN: Exploring Superpixel-Based AutoEncoder Kolmogorov-Arnold Network for Unsupervised Multimodal Change Detection","display_name":"AEKAN: Exploring Superpixel-Based AutoEncoder Kolmogorov-Arnold Network for Unsupervised Multimodal Change Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405270593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038753313","display_name":"Tongfei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1394-4724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongfei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1394-4724","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109378393","display_name":"Jianjian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0678-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0678-537X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036558091","display_name":"Tao Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-9298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-9298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063320912","display_name":"Yingbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6447-8730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6447-8730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056383449","display_name":"Xiaogang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-6064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaogang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0612-6064","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013741704","display_name":"Weichuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4904-1826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51622183","display_name":"Shaanxi University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/034t3zs45","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weichuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4904-1826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and the School of Electronic Information and Artificial Intelligence, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51622183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047997045","display_name":"Zhiyong Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-4794"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-4794","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Xi&#x2019;an University of Technology, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091227928","display_name":"Maoguo Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-8556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22046295","display_name":"Inner Mongolia Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/0497ase59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22046295"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maoguo Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, College of Mathematics Science, Inner Mongoli Normal University, Hohhot, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0415-8556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, College of Mathematics Science, Inner Mongoli Normal University, Hohhot, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22046295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.9656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96728606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.3982999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.3982999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.3817000091075897,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.3490000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.925564169883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6954923868179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6046232581138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5426095724105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.46060827374458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4349241256713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.31720542907714844}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.925564169883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6954923868179321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6046232581138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5426095724105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.46060827374458313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4349241256713867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31720542907714844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515258","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3515258","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2890343062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024GX-YBXM-121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G594039107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6103957959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024GX-YBXM-121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7996973796","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324173","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997534118","https://openalex.org/W2054085770","https://openalex.org/W2079438781","https://openalex.org/W2160933602","https://openalex.org/W2166052353","https://openalex.org/W2517579290","https://openalex.org/W2564140372","https://openalex.org/W2750976776","https://openalex.org/W2766372927","https://openalex.org/W2779571083","https://openalex.org/W2790433324","https://openalex.org/W2808781521","https://openalex.org/W2892203832","https://openalex.org/W2894544606","https://openalex.org/W2968065858","https://openalex.org/W2969081030","https://openalex.org/W2972157278","https://openalex.org/W3000358529","https://openalex.org/W3022569728","https://openalex.org/W3027201985","https://openalex.org/W3049615702","https://openalex.org/W3066154933","https://openalex.org/W3080080349","https://openalex.org/W3108293152","https://openalex.org/W3127542860","https://openalex.org/W3131096279","https://openalex.org/W3160469966","https://openalex.org/W3182257909","https://openalex.org/W3182928821","https://openalex.org/W3183600011","https://openalex.org/W3184550728","https://openalex.org/W3199538063","https://openalex.org/W3200974967","https://openalex.org/W4205937042","https://openalex.org/W4226377144","https://openalex.org/W4282563305","https://openalex.org/W4283316813","https://openalex.org/W4283718418","https://openalex.org/W4285188443","https://openalex.org/W4312984702","https://openalex.org/W4313438466","https://openalex.org/W4323929084","https://openalex.org/W4387250464","https://openalex.org/W4389104779","https://openalex.org/W4389996880","https://openalex.org/W4390452743","https://openalex.org/W4391128305","https://openalex.org/W4392133642","https://openalex.org/W4399956639","https://openalex.org/W4400081502","https://openalex.org/W4401581303","https://openalex.org/W4403867810","https://openalex.org/W6680096826","https://openalex.org/W6869550401","https://openalex.org/W6869824142","https://openalex.org/W6870891855"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2806873178","https://openalex.org/W2965146396","https://openalex.org/W2770818364","https://openalex.org/W4404095322","https://openalex.org/W4312416532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimodal":[0],"change":[1,47,100,221],"detection":[2],"(MCD)":[3],"has":[4],"garnered":[5],"significant":[6],"interest":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,12,45,71,98,117,121,146,178,186,218],"its":[10,115],"capacity":[11],"address":[13],"a":[14,19,55,134,169],"variety":[15],"of":[16,36,68,133,207],"emergencies":[17],"in":[18,26,82,91,191,199],"timely":[20],"and":[21,28,138,149],"effective":[22],"manner.":[23],"However,":[24],"discrepancies":[25,198],"sensors":[27],"imaging":[29],"techniques":[30],"often":[31],"hinder":[32],"the":[33,73,105,109,129,155,175,189,197,208,220,238],"direct":[34],"comparison":[35],"heterogeneous":[37],"remote":[38],"sensing":[39],"images":[40,161,224],"(HRSIs),":[41],"making":[42],"it":[43],"difficult":[44],"extract":[46,122,150],"information.":[48],"To":[49,102],"overcome":[50],"this":[51],"challenge,":[52],"we":[53,167],"propose":[54],"novel":[56],"superpixel-based":[57],"AutoEncoder":[58],"Kolmogorov-Arnold":[59,110],"Network":[60,111],"(AEKAN)":[61],"for":[62,114],"unsupervised":[63],"MCD.":[64],"The":[65,142,211,244],"primary":[66],"objective":[67],"AEKAN":[69,131,240],"is":[70,184,247],"excavate":[72],"latent":[74,151],"commonality":[75,80,124,152,171,193,213],"features":[76,81,125,194,200,214],"between":[77,126,223],"HRSIs.":[78,127],"Notably,":[79],"unchanged":[83],"regions":[84],"are":[85,215],"generally":[86],"more":[87],"pronounced":[88],"than":[89],"those":[90],"changed":[92],"regions,":[93],"which":[94],"can":[95],"be":[96],"leveraged":[97],"assess":[99],"magnitude.":[101],"achieve":[103],"this,":[104],"proposed":[106,130,239],"method":[107],"utilizes":[108],"(KAN),":[112],"renowned":[113],"capability":[116],"model":[118],"data":[119],"distributions,":[120],"these":[123,163],"Concretely,":[128],"consists":[132],"Siamese":[135,143,176,209],"KAN":[136,140],"encoder":[137,144,177],"dual":[139,156],"decoders.":[141],"aims":[145],"map":[147],"HRSIs":[148,203],"features,":[153],"while":[154],"decoders":[157],"reconstruct":[158],"original":[159],"bitemporal":[160],"from":[162,202],"features.":[164],"In":[165],"addition,":[166],"incorporate":[168],"hierarchical":[170],"loss":[172,182],"function":[173,183],"within":[174],"train":[179],"AEKAN.":[180],"This":[181],"designed":[185],"intentionally":[187],"guide":[188],"network":[190],"capturing":[192],"by":[195],"minimizing":[196],"extracted":[201,212],"at":[204],"each":[205],"layer":[206],"encoder.":[210],"then":[216],"adopted":[217],"quantify":[219],"magnitude":[222],"through":[225],"mean":[226],"square":[227],"error":[228],"(MSE).":[229],"Extensive":[230],"experiments":[231],"on":[232],"five":[233],"MCD":[234],"datasets":[235],"demonstrate":[236],"that":[237],"outperforms":[241],"existing":[242],"methods.":[243],"source":[245],"code":[246],"available":[248],"at:":[249],"<uri":[250],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[251],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/TongfeiLiu/AEKAN-for-MCD</uri>.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}