{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405219715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3514854","title":"Subpixel Automatic Detection of GCP Coordinates in Time-Lapse Images Using a Deep Learning Keypoint Network","display_name":"Subpixel Automatic Detection of GCP Coordinates in Time-Lapse Images Using a Deep Learning Keypoint Network","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405219715","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3514854"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3514854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3514854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/75fc6dba-daeb-4c27-b1cc-e6ed330cee80/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020524800","display_name":"Xabier Blanch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-4475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xabier Blanch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","Dresden University of Technology, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2694-4475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dresden University of Technology, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115075945","display_name":"Almut J\u00e4schke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almut J\u00e4schke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0942-5558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070802846","display_name":"Melanie Elias","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-8762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melanie Elias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-8762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009221586","display_name":"Anette Eltner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78650965","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden","ror":"https://ror.org/042aqky30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anette Eltner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-6245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78650965"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.195,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8851672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7258591651916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6880999207496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6091071367263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5991711616516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4982116222381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47329798340797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.443410724401474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4402351677417755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2799934148788452}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7258591651916504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6880999207496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6091071367263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5991711616516113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4982116222381592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47329798340797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.443410724401474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4402351677417755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2799934148788452}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3514854","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3514854","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/422973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/422973","pdf_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/75fc6dba-daeb-4c27-b1cc-e6ed330cee80/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/422973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/422973","pdf_url":"https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstreams/75fc6dba-daeb-4c27-b1cc-e6ed330cee80/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196262","display_name":"UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4572557420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"536233846","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6066820567","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"405774238","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7375346951","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13N15542","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405219715.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405219715.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967830510","https://openalex.org/W2035379092","https://openalex.org/W2047101710","https://openalex.org/W2098307433","https://openalex.org/W2110764733","https://openalex.org/W2614382157","https://openalex.org/W2807083473","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2898156019","https://openalex.org/W2898979689","https://openalex.org/W2943953836","https://openalex.org/W2952122856","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2968402026","https://openalex.org/W2995726979","https://openalex.org/W3001930642","https://openalex.org/W3016217127","https://openalex.org/W3106852546","https://openalex.org/W3110400176","https://openalex.org/W3152579515","https://openalex.org/W4220968018","https://openalex.org/W4280569192","https://openalex.org/W4293649366","https://openalex.org/W4311187214","https://openalex.org/W4313582467","https://openalex.org/W4318499012","https://openalex.org/W4366775439","https://openalex.org/W4381376648","https://openalex.org/W4387815203","https://openalex.org/W4390870630","https://openalex.org/W4392577521","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6727249380","https://openalex.org/W6730903564","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6850508804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135697610","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701","https://openalex.org/W4254103348","https://openalex.org/W3210378990","https://openalex.org/W3034745255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3],"present":[4],"an":[5,59,96],"approach":[6,57,64,144,161],"to":[7,84,127,153],"exploit":[8],"the":[9,42,72,75,86,117,129,138,141,187],"keypoint":[10,143],"R-convolutional":[11],"neural":[12],"network":[13],"(CNN)":[14],"structure":[15],"for":[16,100,109,214],"automated":[17],"detection":[18],"of":[19,45,71,77,119,140],"ground":[20],"control":[21],"points":[22],"(GCPs)":[23],"in":[24,48,132,145,156,172,179,192,200],"images":[25,173,202],"acquired":[26],"by":[27,95],"optical":[28,106],"sensors.":[29],"Our":[30,56,159],"deep":[31],"learning":[32],"methodology":[33],"employs":[34],"fine-tuning":[35,122],"on":[36,166],"three":[37],"distinct":[38],"datasets,":[39],"thereby":[40],"enabling":[41],"specific":[43,78],"addressing":[44],"inherent":[46],"variations":[47],"GCP":[49],"types,":[50],"including":[51],"shape,":[52],"size,":[53],"and":[54,103,123,178,207],"color.":[55],"uses":[58],"end-to-end":[60],"artificial":[61],"intelligence":[62],"(AI)-based":[63],"that":[65,196],"does":[66],"not":[67],"require":[68],"any":[69],"postprocessing":[70],"data":[73,124],"or":[74],"use":[76],"GCPs.":[79,134],"Performance":[80],"metrics":[81],"are":[82],"evaluated":[83],"compare":[85],"AI":[87],"results":[88,136,188],"with":[89,149,208],"manually":[90],"labeled":[91],"data,":[92],"coordinates":[93],"obtained":[94,203],"ellipse":[97],"fitting":[98],"algorithm":[99,108],"circular":[101],"targets,":[102],"a":[104,120,193],"semi-automatic":[105,163],"flow":[107],"arbitrary":[110],"targets":[111],"(e.g.,":[112],"crosses).":[113],"The":[114,135],"study":[115],"highlights":[116],"importance":[118],"dataset-specific":[121],"augmentation":[125],"strategy":[126],"enhance":[128],"model\u2019s":[130],"accuracy":[131,151],"locating":[133],"demonstrate":[137,189],"effectiveness":[139],"R-CNN":[142],"successfully":[146],"identifying":[147,170,198],"GCPs":[148,171,182,199],"subpixel":[150],"compared":[152],"manual":[154],"labeling":[155],"all":[157],"datasets.":[158],"AI-based":[160],"outperformed":[162],"methods":[164],"based":[165],"computer":[167],"vision":[168],"algorithms,":[169],"taken":[174],"under":[175],"adverse":[176],"conditions":[177],"cases":[180],"where":[181],"were":[183],"partially":[184],"obscured.":[185],"Furthermore,":[186],"robust":[190],"performance":[191],"transferability":[194],"test,":[195],"is,":[197],"different":[201,205,209],"at":[204],"locations":[206],"cameras":[210],"than":[211],"those":[212],"used":[213],"training.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2024-12-11T00:00:00"}
