{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405179477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3513557","title":"Modeling Sea Clutter Doppler Spectra for L-Band Airborne Radar Under Medium Incident Angles","display_name":"Modeling Sea Clutter Doppler Spectra for L-Band Airborne Radar Under Medium Incident Angles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405179477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3513557"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3513557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3513557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101988623","display_name":"Min Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-4617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Institution of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-4617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institution of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049024305","display_name":"Bin Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4636-4339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4636-4339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032061647","display_name":"Bo Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-0007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-0007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052210425","display_name":"Guisheng Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-0713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guisheng Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Institution of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5919-0713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Institution of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101995770","display_name":"Fang L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1247-1523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute and the Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Aerospace Information Research Institute and the Key Laboratory of Technology, Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute and the Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute and the Key Laboratory of Technology, Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137199","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33227402,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9645000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9629999995231628,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.7585604190826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7413640022277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.6524592041969299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.5278527736663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5245299935340881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5225929021835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-horizon","display_name":"Radar horizon","score":0.47114649415016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-line","display_name":"Spectral line","score":0.4596422016620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-radar","display_name":"Early-warning radar","score":0.42131906747817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.41329675912857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.41300541162490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.28565308451652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.17199018597602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08073106408119202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.07120555639266968}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.7585604190826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7413640022277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.6524592041969299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.5278527736663818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5245299935340881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5225929021835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131493965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279983","display_name":"Radar horizon","level":5,"score":0.47114649415016174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.4596422016620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71052889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16905219","display_name":"Early-warning radar","level":5,"score":0.42131906747817993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.41329675912857056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.41300541162490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.28565308451652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17199018597602844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08073106408119202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.07120555639266968}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3513557","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3513557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4755827649","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023M732741","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943844064","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G908278841","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62431021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963834619","https://openalex.org/W1971463507","https://openalex.org/W1974480218","https://openalex.org/W1977406195","https://openalex.org/W1978646539","https://openalex.org/W1979096179","https://openalex.org/W1986362571","https://openalex.org/W1995337772","https://openalex.org/W1996171359","https://openalex.org/W1996176293","https://openalex.org/W1996205700","https://openalex.org/W1999328390","https://openalex.org/W2011170435","https://openalex.org/W2014883701","https://openalex.org/W2044722977","https://openalex.org/W2050590919","https://openalex.org/W2054565622","https://openalex.org/W2074958975","https://openalex.org/W2085807126","https://openalex.org/W2099122939","https://openalex.org/W2103072184","https://openalex.org/W2106402907","https://openalex.org/W2113476111","https://openalex.org/W2144341825","https://openalex.org/W2145384550","https://openalex.org/W2159359905","https://openalex.org/W2159887279","https://openalex.org/W2230452525","https://openalex.org/W2257063774","https://openalex.org/W2428945222","https://openalex.org/W2472610758","https://openalex.org/W2499707207","https://openalex.org/W2554868331","https://openalex.org/W2556237456","https://openalex.org/W2742067723","https://openalex.org/W2784019914","https://openalex.org/W2791415354","https://openalex.org/W2899881905","https://openalex.org/W2948202161","https://openalex.org/W3110415688","https://openalex.org/W3113115920","https://openalex.org/W3159761062","https://openalex.org/W3198943004","https://openalex.org/W4214693460","https://openalex.org/W4224947990","https://openalex.org/W4307190327","https://openalex.org/W4388758203","https://openalex.org/W6610587724","https://openalex.org/W6618170354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056151586","https://openalex.org/W2380614822","https://openalex.org/W2165212633","https://openalex.org/W2889150207","https://openalex.org/W2382114691","https://openalex.org/W2164481644","https://openalex.org/W2041691761","https://openalex.org/W1499428823","https://openalex.org/W3152485666","https://openalex.org/W4226331809"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"ground-based":[1],"L-band":[2,36,86],"radar":[3],"sea":[4,15,96,119,133,146,228],"clutter,":[5],"Bragg":[6],"scattering":[7,232],"caused":[8],"by":[9,156],"short":[10],"gravity":[11],"waves":[12],"on":[13],"the":[14,29,56,76,82,93,110,127,132,140,145,157,161,165,176,193,215,222,235,239,247],"surface":[16,120,147],"frequently":[17],"exhibits":[18],"azimuthal":[19],"dependence,":[20],"with":[21,47,121,179,189,230],"higher":[22],"order":[23],"Bragg-scattering":[24],"spectra":[25,99],"clearly":[26],"visible":[27],"alongside":[28],"first-order":[30],"spectrum.":[31,183],"Recent":[32],"measurements":[33],"from":[34,105,234],"an":[35,151,180,204],"airborne":[37,87],"moving":[38],"target":[39,73],"detection":[40,74],"(MTD)":[41],"radar,":[42,89],"operating":[43],"in":[44,60,85,214],"side-looking":[45],"mode":[46],"HH":[48],"polarization":[49],"at":[50],"medium":[51,101],"incident":[52,102],"angles":[53,103],"(30\u00b0\u201360\u00b0),":[54],"near":[55],"Zhoushan":[57],"Fishing":[58],"Ground":[59],"Ningbo,":[61],"China,":[62],"also":[63],"reveal":[64],"azimuth-dependent":[65,152,212,231],"and":[66,207,243],"multipeak":[67],"characteristics,":[68],"that":[69,200,221],"pose":[70],"challenges":[71],"for":[72,126,131],"within":[75],"endo-clutter":[77],"region.":[78],"To":[79],"better":[80],"understand":[81],"clutter":[83,97,134],"characteristics":[84],"MTD":[88],"this":[90],"article":[91],"investigates":[92],"modeling":[94],"of":[95,175,195,238],"Doppler":[98,128,141,218,250],"under":[100],"ranging":[104],"30\u00b0":[106],"to":[107,144,168],"60\u00b0.":[108],"Using":[109],"small":[111],"slope":[112],"approximation":[113],"(SSA)":[114],"incorporating":[115],"a":[116,123,173,196],"time-varying":[117],"rough":[118],"spikes,":[122],"systemic":[124],"expression":[125],"spectrum,":[129],"accounting":[130],"space-time":[135],"coupling,":[136],"is":[137,148,170,187,225],"derived.":[138],"Specifically,":[139],"spectrum":[142,154,166,178,186,198],"related":[143],"expressed":[149],"as":[150,172],"underlying":[153,182],"weighted":[155],"antenna":[158,241],"beam":[159],"(i.e.,":[160],"spatial":[162,177],"spectrum),":[163],"while":[164],"due":[167],"spikes":[169],"represented":[171],"convolution":[174],"azimuth-independent":[181,205],"Each":[184],"individual":[185],"characterized":[188],"Gaussian":[190],"profiles,":[191],"forming":[192],"basis":[194],"comprehensive":[197],"model":[199,224],"can":[201],"successfully":[202],"capture":[203],"peak":[206],"approximately":[208],"2\u20137":[209],"or":[210],"more":[211],"peaks":[213],"real-world":[216],"sea-clutter":[217,249],"spectra.":[219],"Note":[220],"proposed":[223],"directed":[226],"against":[227],"echoes":[229],"properties":[233],"main":[236],"lobe":[237],"two-way":[240],"pattern,":[242],"thus,":[244],"suitably":[245],"characterizes":[246],"corresponding":[248],"features.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2024-12-10T00:00:00"}
