{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405179678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3507274","title":"CFFormer: A Cross-Fusion Transformer Framework for the Semantic Segmentation of Multisource Remote Sensing Images","display_name":"CFFormer: A Cross-Fusion Transformer Framework for the Semantic Segmentation of Multisource Remote Sensing Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405179678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3507274"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3507274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3507274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055090796","display_name":"Jinqi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-656X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jinqi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ming Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9441-2024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086248039","display_name":"Zhonghuai Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0838-0393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhonghuai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zixuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5614-5938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079979589","display_name":"Fengkai Lang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3602-5731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengkai Lang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101814790","display_name":"Hongtao Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4054-4240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722052","display_name":"Nanshan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5474-1854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nanshan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055090796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.708,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95478831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6813431978225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.578073263168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5592420697212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48105621337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.47592073678970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion","display_name":"Fusion","score":0.46707916259765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44266098737716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-fusion","display_name":"Image fusion","score":0.4348491430282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23325183987617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17745813727378845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6813431978225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.578073263168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5592420697212219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48105621337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.47592073678970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.46707916259765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44266098737716675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.4348491430282593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23325183987617493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17745813727378845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3507274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3507274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G424901621","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42301412","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4961772386","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A20569","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5472781620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41977220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6097846311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023NGCM12","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7918889670","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41901286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011500029","https://openalex.org/W2076627662","https://openalex.org/W2122061073","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2587989515","https://openalex.org/W2765739551","https://openalex.org/W2778539913","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2946802127","https://openalex.org/W2950604226","https://openalex.org/W2963294354","https://openalex.org/W2963995737","https://openalex.org/W2997195386","https://openalex.org/W3000672846","https://openalex.org/W3003841907","https://openalex.org/W3010622813","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3093142463","https://openalex.org/W3108601100","https://openalex.org/W3110908156","https://openalex.org/W3129885841","https://openalex.org/W3150573203","https://openalex.org/W3161825146","https://openalex.org/W3162977387","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3190334976","https://openalex.org/W3201091899","https://openalex.org/W3209540366","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4200142374","https://openalex.org/W4200208593","https://openalex.org/W4200556575","https://openalex.org/W4206987367","https://openalex.org/W4210276931","https://openalex.org/W4283450732","https://openalex.org/W4285725870","https://openalex.org/W4286377515","https://openalex.org/W4308744434","https://openalex.org/W4312272867","https://openalex.org/W4321484009","https://openalex.org/W4366310786","https://openalex.org/W4367294505","https://openalex.org/W4379984088","https://openalex.org/W4380763457","https://openalex.org/W4382876728","https://openalex.org/W4386075524","https://openalex.org/W4386179772","https://openalex.org/W4387415454","https://openalex.org/W4388145570","https://openalex.org/W4390284969","https://openalex.org/W4390872693","https://openalex.org/W4392543906","https://openalex.org/W4396941490","https://openalex.org/W4399258932","https://openalex.org/W4401515712","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6638444622","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6761628794","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6797399245"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2788731446","https://openalex.org/W2204403038","https://openalex.org/W3152170969","https://openalex.org/W2379054866","https://openalex.org/W2549658594","https://openalex.org/W2370195708","https://openalex.org/W1490651872","https://openalex.org/W2139242969","https://openalex.org/W2284201331","https://openalex.org/W2095903272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multisource":[0],"remote":[1],"sensing":[2],"images":[3],"(RSIs)":[4],"can":[5,20],"capture":[6],"the":[7,27,41,46,67,83,95,98,105,110,116,134,138,142,153,171,200,204,213,221],"complementary":[8,53,143],"information":[9,144],"of":[10,70,97,141,178,190,197,229],"ground":[11],"objects":[12],"for":[13,66,175],"use":[14],"in":[15,108,145],"semantic":[16,68,176],"segmentation.":[17],"However,":[18],"there":[19],"be":[21],"inconsistency":[22],"and":[23,43,49,112,130,192,209,215,226,231],"interference":[24],"noise":[25,44],"among":[26],"multimodal":[28],"data":[29],"from":[30,82,104,133],"different":[31,47,84,135],"sensors.":[32],"Therefore,":[33],"it":[34],"is":[35,237],"a":[36,60,74,88,123,184],"challenge":[37],"to":[38,78,127,170],"effectively":[39],"reduce":[40],"differences":[42],"between":[45],"modalities":[48,107],"fully":[50],"utilize":[51],"their":[52],"features.":[54],"In":[55,115],"this":[56],"article,":[57],"we":[58,121],"propose":[59],"universal":[61],"cross-fusion":[62],"transformer":[63],"framework":[64,156],"(CFFormer)":[65],"segmentation":[69,177],"multisource":[71,146,179],"RSIs,":[72],"adopting":[73],"parallel":[75],"dual-stream":[76],"structure":[77],"extract":[79],"features":[80,96,103,132],"separately":[81],"modalities.":[85],"We":[86],"introduce":[87],"feature":[89,117],"correction":[90],"module":[91,119],"(FCM)":[92],"that":[93,152],"corrects":[94],"current":[99,172],"modality":[100],"by":[101,207],"combining":[102],"other":[106],"both":[109],"spatial":[111],"channel":[113],"dimensions.":[114],"fusion":[118],"(FFM),":[120],"employ":[122],"multihead":[124],"cross-attention":[125],"mechanism":[126],"interact":[128],"globally":[129],"fuse":[131],"modalities,":[136],"enabling":[137],"comprehensive":[139],"utilization":[140],"RSIs.":[147,180],"Finally,":[148],"comparative":[149],"experiments":[150],"demonstrate":[151],"proposed":[154],"CFFormer":[155,182,218],"not":[157],"only":[158],"achieves":[159,183,220],"state-of-the-art":[160],"(SOTA)":[161],"accuracy":[162,195],"but":[163],"also":[164,219],"exhibits":[165],"outstanding":[166],"robustness":[167],"when":[168],"compared":[169],"advanced":[173],"networks":[174],"Specifically,":[181],"mean":[185],"intersection":[186],"over":[187],"union":[188],"(mIoU)":[189],"58%":[191],"an":[193],"overall":[194],"(OA)":[196],"85.35%":[198],"on":[199],"WHU-OPT-SAR":[201],"dataset,":[202],"outperforming":[203],"second-ranked":[205],"network":[206],"4.71%":[208],"1.74%,":[210],"respectively.":[211,233],"On":[212],"Vaihingen":[214],"Potsdam":[216],"datasets,":[217],"best":[222],"results,":[223],"with":[224],"mIoU":[225],"OA":[227],"values":[228],"84.31%/91.88%":[230],"88.62%/92.64%,":[232],"The":[234],"source":[235],"code":[236],"available":[238],"at":[239],"<uri":[240],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[241],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/masurq/CFFormer</uri>.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}