{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403977303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3485721","title":"MiM-ISTD: Mamba-in-Mamba for Efficient Infrared Small-Target Detection","display_name":"MiM-ISTD: Mamba-in-Mamba for Efficient Infrared Small-Target Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403977303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3485721"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3485721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3485721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050671031","display_name":"Tianxiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-699X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianxiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7758-699X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341722","display_name":"Zi Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1002-0315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zi Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Software, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1002-0315","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Software, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036850912","display_name":"Zhentao Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9095-4462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhentao Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9095-4462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114910706","display_name":"Tao Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-6813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0026-6813","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009576623","display_name":"Yue Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-5079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045938154","display_name":"Qi Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-0755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-0755","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100395493","display_name":"Bin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-8800"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-8800","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064573190","display_name":"Nenghai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nenghai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-9316","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Security and the CAS Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010419481","display_name":"Jieping Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8662-5818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45928872","display_name":"Alibaba Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00k642b80","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieping Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8662-5818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alibaba Cloud, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45928872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":184.9619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":174,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99996436,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9605000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9605000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.45020830631256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3645687699317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34659746289253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11906960606575012}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.45020830631256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3645687699317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34659746289253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11906960606575012}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3485721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3485721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3828173677","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62121002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5520020877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023z020006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7275365266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272430","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966716734","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2158479002","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2734349601","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2791312173","https://openalex.org/W2897261831","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2918460136","https://openalex.org/W2981068491","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3046278365","https://openalex.org/W3048644861","https://openalex.org/W3088317060","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3131633592","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3202696561","https://openalex.org/W3209374680","https://openalex.org/W4221163766","https://openalex.org/W4226043641","https://openalex.org/W4286630479","https://openalex.org/W4304084055","https://openalex.org/W4304092528","https://openalex.org/W4312827004","https://openalex.org/W4313065862","https://openalex.org/W4313476697","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4362500629","https://openalex.org/W4372184688","https://openalex.org/W4385765253","https://openalex.org/W4386158777","https://openalex.org/W4389326242","https://openalex.org/W4390784781","https://openalex.org/W4391013663","https://openalex.org/W4391047432","https://openalex.org/W4391591097","https://openalex.org/W4391670385","https://openalex.org/W4393154727","https://openalex.org/W4396523238","https://openalex.org/W4399039798","https://openalex.org/W4400188498","https://openalex.org/W4400238700","https://openalex.org/W4401943252","https://openalex.org/W4402661203","https://openalex.org/W4403010118","https://openalex.org/W4403067091","https://openalex.org/W4403152483","https://openalex.org/W6755977528","https://openalex.org/W6790690058","https://openalex.org/W6795435739","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6801762145","https://openalex.org/W6803444062","https://openalex.org/W6809915218","https://openalex.org/W6859298233","https://openalex.org/W6860915106","https://openalex.org/W6861213978","https://openalex.org/W6861342692","https://openalex.org/W6861387779","https://openalex.org/W6861632406","https://openalex.org/W6862087182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"infrared":[1,258],"small-target":[2],"detection":[3],"(ISTD)":[4],"has":[5],"made":[6],"significant":[7],"progress,":[8],"thanks":[9],"to":[10,46,91,124,146,167],"the":[11,17,32,35,42,51,64,81,92,135,143,148,164,170,176,185,208,228,251],"development":[12],"of":[13,34,66,76,95,118,213],"basic":[14,53],"models.":[15],"Specifically,":[16,132,216],"models":[18],"combining":[19],"CNNs":[20],"with":[21,55,179],"Transformers":[22],"can":[23,194],"successfully":[24],"extract":[25],"both":[26,127,197],"local":[27,96,130,136,171,200],"and":[28,78,120,129,141,162,188,199,205,211,231,253],"global":[29,128,149,198],"features.":[30,131],"However,":[31,83],"disadvantage":[33],"Transformer":[36],"is":[37,218],"also":[38],"inherited,":[39],"that":[40],"is,":[41],"quadratic":[43],"computational":[44,181],"complexity":[45,57],"sequence":[47],"length.":[48],"Inspired":[49],"by":[50,236],"recent":[52],"model":[54,69],"linear":[56],"for":[58,71,101,113],"long-distance":[59],"modeling,":[60],"Mamba,":[61],"we":[62,106,133],"explore":[63,147,169,196],"potential":[65],"this":[67],"state-space":[68],"(SSM)":[70],"ISTD":[72],"tasks":[73],"in":[74,80,175],"terms":[75],"effectiveness":[77],"efficiency":[79,212],"article.":[82],"directly":[84],"applying":[85],"Mamba":[86,122,145,166],"achieves":[87],"suboptimal":[88],"performances":[89],"due":[90],"insufficient":[93],"harnessing":[94],"features,":[97,191],"which":[98],"are":[99],"imperative":[100],"detecting":[102],"small":[103],"targets.":[104],"Instead,":[105],"tailor":[107],"a":[108],"nested":[109],"structure,":[110],"Mamba-in-Mamba":[111],"(MiM-ISTD),":[112],"efficient":[114],"ISTD.":[115],"It":[116],"consists":[117],"Outer":[119,144],"Inner":[121,165],"blocks":[123],"adeptly":[125],"capture":[126],"treat":[134],"patches":[137],"as":[138,159],"\u201cvisual":[139,160],"sentences\u201d":[140],"use":[142,163],"information.":[150,201],"We":[151],"then":[152],"decompose":[153],"each":[154],"visual":[155,177,186,189],"sentence":[156,178,190],"into":[157],"subpatches":[158],"words\u201d":[161],"further":[168],"information":[172],"among":[173],"words":[174],"negligible":[180],"costs.":[182],"By":[183],"aggregating":[184],"word":[187],"our":[192,214],"MiM-ISTD":[193,217],"effectively":[195],"Experiments":[202],"on":[203,240,256],"NUAA-SIRST":[204],"IRSTD-1k":[206],"show":[207],"superior":[209],"accuracy":[210],"method.":[215],"<inline-formula":[219,241],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[220,242],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[221,243],"<tex-math":[222,244],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$8\\times":[223],"$":[224],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[225,248],"faster":[226],"than":[227],"SOTA":[229],"method":[230],"reduces":[232],"GPU":[233],"memory":[234,254],"usage":[235],"62.2%":[237],"when":[238],"testing":[239],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2048":[245],"\\times":[246],"2048$":[247],"images,":[249],"overcoming":[250],"computation":[252],"constraints":[255],"high-resolution":[257],"images.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":117},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T09:13:05.818461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
