{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403279468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3476623","title":"A Raw Data Simulator for Ocean Wave Radar Spectrometer","display_name":"A Raw Data Simulator for Ocean Wave Radar Spectrometer","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403279468","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3476623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3476623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3476623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101528953","display_name":"Baochang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-6594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baochang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-6594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079573004","display_name":"Ziyang Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-0690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyang Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091198284","display_name":"Xiuzhong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-2999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuzhong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-2999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038727482","display_name":"Jingwei Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-7946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3588-7946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044075185","display_name":"Yijun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-5262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-5262","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072241813","display_name":"Siqi Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3706-3615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17994587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.7770000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.7770000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.67330002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.6291000247001648,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6318233013153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6111600995063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrometer","display_name":"Spectrometer","score":0.4899374842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-radar","display_name":"3D radar","score":0.46073195338249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45203864574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-based-radar","display_name":"Space-based radar","score":0.4518078565597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-radar","display_name":"Early-warning radar","score":0.4259503185749054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raw-data","display_name":"Raw data","score":0.4153885841369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.38337546586990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35919421911239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3412947654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.3134712874889374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.29379671812057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10859447717666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.10133495926856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0993257462978363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6318233013153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6111600995063782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.4899374842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81076408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229387","display_name":"3D radar","level":5,"score":0.46073195338249207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45203864574432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36067731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572176","display_name":"Space-based radar","level":5,"score":0.4518078565597534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71052889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16905219","display_name":"Early-warning radar","level":5,"score":0.4259503185749054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.4153885841369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.38337546586990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35919421911239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3412947654724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.3134712874889374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.29379671812057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10859447717666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.10133495926856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0993257462978363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3476623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3476623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7599999904632568,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1579149554","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41606201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1847997461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42027805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2611247510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015r005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","funder_display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2859422021","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42027805, 41620104003, and 41606201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4962409786","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41620104003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335990","display_name":"Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W1963834619","https://openalex.org/W1964205757","https://openalex.org/W1967411530","https://openalex.org/W1971992917","https://openalex.org/W1977393251","https://openalex.org/W1989120771","https://openalex.org/W1999328390","https://openalex.org/W2001197258","https://openalex.org/W2020244261","https://openalex.org/W2030319994","https://openalex.org/W2037062718","https://openalex.org/W2047667640","https://openalex.org/W2064879639","https://openalex.org/W2065609640","https://openalex.org/W2078599522","https://openalex.org/W2084687869","https://openalex.org/W2085881691","https://openalex.org/W2119225191","https://openalex.org/W2121017288","https://openalex.org/W2122188921","https://openalex.org/W2136889516","https://openalex.org/W2138097315","https://openalex.org/W2157902891","https://openalex.org/W2163026720","https://openalex.org/W2166652137","https://openalex.org/W2168711826","https://openalex.org/W2176679922","https://openalex.org/W2177684556","https://openalex.org/W2178203302","https://openalex.org/W2549013484","https://openalex.org/W2587765506","https://openalex.org/W3002641829","https://openalex.org/W3005920361","https://openalex.org/W3113795845","https://openalex.org/W4323058018","https://openalex.org/W4323644218","https://openalex.org/W6680777499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2023708958","https://openalex.org/W2159207702","https://openalex.org/W2808465939","https://openalex.org/W2169126430","https://openalex.org/W2890971392","https://openalex.org/W3154478511","https://openalex.org/W1797612156","https://openalex.org/W2105385255","https://openalex.org/W1986023002","https://openalex.org/W4281623435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,35,53,216,237],"new":[4],"simulator":[5,108,122,214],"able":[6],"to":[7,147,186,240],"generate":[8],"raw":[9,95,127,174],"data":[10,96,117,134,175],"for":[11,219,244],"ocean":[12,37,81,224],"wave":[13,26,38,62,82,90,100,210,225],"radar":[14,47,70,104,160,228,234],"spectrometer":[15],"(OWRS).":[16],"Data":[17],"simulation":[18],"involves":[19],"three":[20],"key":[21],"procedures:":[22],"generating":[23],"2-D":[24,43],"sea":[25,44,61,164,196],"height,":[27,63],"velocity,":[28,64],"and":[29,57,65,102,162,202,227],"acceleration":[30,66],"fields":[31,67],"by":[32,87,119,137,155,177,194],"use":[33],"of":[34,130,151,158,190],"prescribed":[36],"height":[39],"spectrum;":[40],"calculating":[41],"the":[42,59,69,120,149,156,159,163,167,178,188,195],"surface":[45,197],"normalized":[46],"cross":[48],"section":[49],"(NRCS)":[50],"field":[51],"using":[52],"quasi-specular":[54],"backscatter":[55],"model;":[56],"incorporating":[58],"generated":[60,118],"into":[68],"instantaneous":[71],"range":[72,191,205],"equation":[73],"(IRE).":[74],"Our":[75,140,213],"simulator\u2019s":[76,141],"reliability":[77],"in":[78,166,208],"replicating":[79],"real-world":[80],"spectra":[83,91,101],"has":[84,109],"been":[85],"confirmed":[86],"comparing":[88],"retrieved":[89,209],"from":[92],"simulated":[93,136,176],"OWRS":[94,116,173],"with":[97,236],"input":[98],"reference":[99],"real-measured":[103],"data.":[105],"The":[106],"proposed":[107,121,179],"several":[110],"advantages":[111,143],"over":[112],"conventional":[113,138],"simulators.":[114,139],"Notably,":[115],"are":[123],"complex":[124],"in-phase/quadrature-phase":[125],"(I/Q)":[126],"data,":[128],"instead":[129],"backscattered":[131],"power":[132],"modulation":[133,153,192,206],"as":[135,181,183],"other":[142],"include":[144],"its":[145,184],"ability":[146,185],"reflect":[148],"effect":[150,189],"Doppler":[152],"induced":[154],"motions":[157],"platform":[161],"waves":[165],"speckle":[168],"noise":[169],"spectrum":[170],"after":[171],"processing":[172],"simulator,":[180],"well":[182],"embody":[187],"caused":[193],"topography,":[198],"including":[199],"both":[200],"linear":[201],"higher":[203],"order":[204],"effects,":[207],"slope":[211],"spectra.":[212],"offers":[215],"powerful":[217],"tool":[218],"understanding":[220],"complicated":[221],"interactions":[222],"between":[223],"dynamics":[226],"signals.":[229],"Furthermore,":[230],"it":[231],"also":[232],"provides":[233],"engineers":[235],"cost-effective":[238],"way":[239],"evaluate":[241],"potential":[242],"designs":[243],"future":[245],"spaceborne":[246],"OWRS.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}