{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402593252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3463187","title":"Boosting the Generalization Ability for Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Spectral-Spatial Axial Aggregation Transformer","display_name":"Boosting the Generalization Ability for Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Spectral-Spatial Axial Aggregation Transformer","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402593252","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3463187"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3463187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3463187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102557801","display_name":"Enzhe Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7969-8443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enzhe Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001168822","display_name":"Zhichang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3804-4980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhichang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008997259","display_name":"S. Y. Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0356-902X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengzhu Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024515401","display_name":"Yao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1754-4528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005553164","display_name":"Jia Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-8356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038068859","display_name":"Dazhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0518-7702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dazhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computational Mathematics, School of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102557801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6293,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73095296,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.8730000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.842199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8408492803573608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6290316581726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6260618567466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.6166319847106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5347002744674683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5275301933288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/full-spectral-imaging","display_name":"Full spectral imaging","score":0.45703139901161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4374350607395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.4336938261985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3284794092178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2344963252544403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.205646812915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.16586089134216309}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8408492803573608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6290316581726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6260618567466736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.6166319847106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5347002744674683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5275301933288574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78660771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5508206","display_name":"Full spectral imaging","level":3,"score":0.45703139901161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4374350607395172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.4336938261985779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3284794092178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2344963252544403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.205646812915802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.16586089134216309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3463187","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3463187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G154337340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11971131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2081566087","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"11871133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2903853875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022FRFK060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3721986029","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022FRFK060020, 2022FRFK060031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4075044914","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12401557","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G42876061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZD2022A001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5146459815","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2075, 12401557, 11971131, 11871133","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5342896752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022FRFK060020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G553269877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G708414365","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62388101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1950365613","https://openalex.org/W2004104348","https://openalex.org/W2029061115","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2060109023","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2114819256","https://openalex.org/W2138950591","https://openalex.org/W2159070926","https://openalex.org/W2166661231","https://openalex.org/W2257669061","https://openalex.org/W2344173806","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2516176725","https://openalex.org/W2546696642","https://openalex.org/W2572303978","https://openalex.org/W2755992512","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2793941577","https://openalex.org/W2796684832","https://openalex.org/W2882394250","https://openalex.org/W2888119354","https://openalex.org/W2888214130","https://openalex.org/W2899003677","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2923136550","https://openalex.org/W2944896556","https://openalex.org/W2971027447","https://openalex.org/W2971432438","https://openalex.org/W3014628500","https://openalex.org/W3048631361","https://openalex.org/W3081753142","https://openalex.org/W3090232286","https://openalex.org/W3097065222","https://openalex.org/W3114720220","https://openalex.org/W3120948300","https://openalex.org/W3122028341","https://openalex.org/W3133902755","https://openalex.org/W3135445258","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3146764839","https://openalex.org/W3175968366","https://openalex.org/W3186475347","https://openalex.org/W3203480968","https://openalex.org/W3207818847","https://openalex.org/W3209540366","https://openalex.org/W3211637358","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4200068923","https://openalex.org/W4210794570","https://openalex.org/W4229058281","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4285152096","https://openalex.org/W4313007769","https://openalex.org/W4319069095","https://openalex.org/W4378364888","https://openalex.org/W4380763457","https://openalex.org/W4387415351","https://openalex.org/W4388157208","https://openalex.org/W4391669325","https://openalex.org/W4393906060","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6763367864","https://openalex.org/W6772853553","https://openalex.org/W6790690058","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6875842941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2911259277","https://openalex.org/W4386427838","https://openalex.org/W2800956885","https://openalex.org/W2533019003","https://openalex.org/W2057283258","https://openalex.org/W1788560349","https://openalex.org/W2626158795","https://openalex.org/W2391021239","https://openalex.org/W2560525382","https://openalex.org/W2126575155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,7,16,31,47,53,101,109,113,116,124,141,149,158,177],"hyperspectral":[2],"image":[3],"classification":[4],"(HSIC)":[5],"task,":[6],"most":[8],"commonly":[9],"used":[10],"model":[11,34,159,172],"validation":[12],"paradigm":[13],"is":[14,118,137],"partitioning":[15],"training-test":[17],"dataset":[18,65,90],"through":[19],"pixelwise":[20],"random":[21,178],"sampling.":[22],"By":[23],"training":[24,54],"on":[25,164,176,185,193],"a":[26,59,78,94],"small":[27],"amount":[28],"of":[29,61,112],"data,":[30],"deep":[32],"learning":[33],"can":[35],"achieve":[36],"almost":[37],"perfect":[38],"accuracy.":[39],"However,":[40],"in":[41],"our":[42,171],"experiments,":[43],"we":[44,76],"found":[45],"that":[46,108,170],"high":[48],"accuracy":[49],"was":[50],"reached":[51],"because":[52],"and":[55,148],"test":[56],"datasets":[57,168],"share":[58],"lot":[60],"information.":[62],"On":[63],"nonoverlapping":[64,186],"partitions,":[66],"well-performing":[67],"models":[68],"suffer":[69],"significant":[70],"performance":[71,175,192],"degradation.":[72],"To":[73],"this":[74],"end,":[75],"propose":[77],"spectral-spatial":[79],"axial":[80,125,150],"aggregation":[81,126,151],"transformer":[82],"model,":[83],"namely,":[84],"SaaFormer,":[85],"which":[86,129],"preserves":[87],"generalization":[88],"across":[89,115],"partitions.":[91,187],"SaaFormer":[92,189],"applies":[93],"multilevel":[95,145],"spectral":[96,135,142,146,154],"extraction":[97,147],"structure":[98],"to":[99,139,156],"segment":[100],"spectrum":[102,105,114,122],"into":[103],"multiple":[104,134],"clips":[106],"such":[107],"wavelength":[110],"continuity":[111],"channel":[117],"preserved.":[119],"For":[120],"each":[121],"clip,":[123],"attention":[127,152],"mechanism,":[128],"integrates":[130],"spatial":[131],"features":[132],"along":[133],"axes,":[136],"applied":[138],"mine":[140],"characteristic.":[143],"The":[144,161],"emphasize":[153],"characteristics":[155],"improve":[157],"generalization.":[160],"experimental":[162],"results":[163],"five":[165],"publicly":[166],"available":[167],"demonstrate":[169],"exhibits":[173],"comparable":[174],"partition":[179],"while":[180],"significantly":[181],"outperforming":[182],"other":[183],"methods":[184],"Moreover,":[188],"shows":[190],"excellent":[191],"background":[194],"classification.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}