{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401687407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3445461","title":"Utilizing Normal Time-Frequency Transform-Assisted GNSS-R to Retrieve Sea Surface Height","display_name":"Utilizing Normal Time-Frequency Transform-Assisted GNSS-R to Retrieve Sea Surface Height","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401687407","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3445461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3445461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3445461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107976751","display_name":"Feng Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2269-4208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2269-4208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070489047","display_name":"Huiwen Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5820-3431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiwen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052809034","display_name":"Lintao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-2697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lintao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1262-2697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733134","display_name":"Guocheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7198-2812"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guocheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7198-2812","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089569497","display_name":"Haozhe Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haozhe Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth&#x2019;s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4942,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5940854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9402999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9319999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8267514109611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7452026605606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.5152847766876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48092910647392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time\u2013frequency-analysis","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","score":0.4668721854686737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3849424123764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3492288291454315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.31542205810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1876547634601593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8267514109611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7452026605606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.5152847766876221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48092910647392273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.4668721854686737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3849424123764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3492288291454315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.31542205810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1876547634601593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3445461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3445461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.800000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2075683467","display_name":"\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u578b\u7a00\u758f\u65f6\u9891\u8868\u8fbe\u7406\u8bba\u53ca\u5176\u5730\u5b66\u5e94\u7528\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"42074011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6209875533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S21S1301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1860649799","https://openalex.org/W1978220353","https://openalex.org/W2023488014","https://openalex.org/W2029333096","https://openalex.org/W2039721961","https://openalex.org/W2054539972","https://openalex.org/W2057725880","https://openalex.org/W2060664350","https://openalex.org/W2113454568","https://openalex.org/W2113760121","https://openalex.org/W2128899743","https://openalex.org/W2133198072","https://openalex.org/W2169459483","https://openalex.org/W2179651300","https://openalex.org/W2204847977","https://openalex.org/W2243287971","https://openalex.org/W2248954824","https://openalex.org/W2477974117","https://openalex.org/W2491625194","https://openalex.org/W2560477285","https://openalex.org/W2566251519","https://openalex.org/W2593051926","https://openalex.org/W2768657755","https://openalex.org/W2794430654","https://openalex.org/W2813999022","https://openalex.org/W2898667709","https://openalex.org/W2938235603","https://openalex.org/W2943757791","https://openalex.org/W2951285277","https://openalex.org/W3037068793","https://openalex.org/W3045191283","https://openalex.org/W3081710220","https://openalex.org/W3088601698","https://openalex.org/W3129263649","https://openalex.org/W3208716347","https://openalex.org/W4200179454","https://openalex.org/W4200376199","https://openalex.org/W4283204333","https://openalex.org/W4283371993","https://openalex.org/W4285123407","https://openalex.org/W4285147501","https://openalex.org/W4312637404","https://openalex.org/W4312667101","https://openalex.org/W4319265311","https://openalex.org/W4321242392","https://openalex.org/W4361256296","https://openalex.org/W4372358267","https://openalex.org/W4386198810","https://openalex.org/W4388099045","https://openalex.org/W6734685921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2881093137","https://openalex.org/W4386787199","https://openalex.org/W2765672153","https://openalex.org/W2022870883","https://openalex.org/W2356895184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"navigation":[1],"satellite":[2],"system":[3],"reflectometry":[4],"(GNSS-R),":[5],"a":[6,68,81],"new":[7,82],"remote":[8],"sensing":[9],"technology,":[10],"has":[11,67,105],"been":[12],"used":[13,50],"to":[14,64,90,112,219],"monitor":[15],"sea":[16],"surface":[17],"height":[18],"(SSH)":[19],"in":[20,71,93,101,202],"recent":[21],"years.":[22],"In":[23],"the":[24,32,44,48,58,72,85,98,102,113,126,140,144,156,172,177,180,198,204,221,226,235],"process":[25],"of":[26,35,47,116,130,147,154,160,167,182,191,200,225,238,248],"SSH":[27,114,215],"retrieval":[28,115,145,162,237],"by":[29],"GNSS-R,":[30],"estimating":[31],"oscillation":[33],"frequency":[34,69,99,206],"signal-to-noise":[36],"ratio":[37],"(SNR)":[38],"data":[39],"is":[40,54,62,149,184,242],"particularly":[41],"critical.":[42],"However,":[43],"sampling":[45],"time":[46],"commonly":[49],"Lomb-Scargle":[51],"periodogram":[52],"(LSP)":[53],"too":[55],"low,":[56],"and":[57,66,104,122,124,132,158,169,186,193,207,233],"wavelet":[59],"transform":[60,88],"(WT)":[61],"sensitive":[63],"noise":[65,107],"shift":[70],"non-L1":[73],"norm.":[74],"To":[75],"solve":[76],"these":[77],"problems,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"method":[83],"using":[84],"normal":[86],"time-frequency":[87],"(NTFT)":[89],"assist":[91],"GNSS-R":[92,218],"retrieving":[94],"SSH.":[95],"NTFT":[96,148,161,183,201,212,236],"corrects":[97],"offset":[100],"WT":[103,170],"better":[106,164],"resistance.":[108],"We":[109,209],"applied":[110],"it":[111],"three":[117],"GPS":[118],"sites":[119],"(SC02,":[120],"AT01,":[121],"BRST)":[123],"compared":[125],"results":[127,135],"with":[128,231],"those":[129,166],"LSP":[131,168,192,232],"WT.":[133],"The":[134],"show":[136],"that":[137,153,190,247],"except":[138],"for":[139],"SC02":[141],"site,":[142,179],"where":[143],"accuracy":[146,157,181,199],"slightly":[150],"lower":[151],"than":[152,165,189,246],"LSP,":[155],"quantity":[159],"are":[163],"at":[171],"other":[173],"two":[174],"sites.":[175],"At":[176],"AT01":[178],"38.5%":[185],"35.2%":[187],"higher":[188],"WT,":[194,234],"respectively,":[195],"which":[196],"verifies":[197],"determining":[203],"instantaneous":[205],"anti-noise.":[208],"also":[210],"performed":[211],"analysis":[213],"on":[214],"retrieved":[216],"via":[217],"obtain":[220],"time-varying":[222],"harmonic":[223],"constants":[224],"main":[227],"tidal":[228,240],"components.":[229,250],"Compared":[230],"high-frequency":[239],"components":[241],"significantly":[243],"more":[244],"accurate":[245],"low-frequency":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
