{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401635327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3444045","title":"Arctic Wintertime Sea Ice Lead Detection From Sentinel-1 SAR Images","display_name":"Arctic Wintertime Sea Ice Lead Detection From Sentinel-1 SAR Images","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401635327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3444045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3444045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3444045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100631627","display_name":"Shiyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-4385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1516-4385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068483792","display_name":"Mohammed Shokr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-9322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Shokr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3968-9322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047000045","display_name":"Lu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-0206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-0206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060690531","display_name":"Zhilun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-7625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhilun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-7625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014556604","display_name":"Fengming Hui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2478-8766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengming Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2478-8766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068881246","display_name":"Xiao Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-6565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-6565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044463878","display_name":"Peng Qin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5291-6518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106122","display_name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)","ror":"https://ror.org/00y7mag53","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5291-6518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geospatial Engineering and Science, the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), and the Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Observation of Polar Environment, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106122","https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004572569","display_name":"Dmitrii Murashkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-0038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","display_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","ror":"https://ror.org/04bwf3e34","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitrii Murashkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5818-0038","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84930404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9178000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9178000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9074000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.7182509899139404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.7140979766845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.6504538059234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"Lead (geology)","score":0.6308890581130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6265533566474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-arctic","display_name":"The arctic","score":0.5649936199188232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5036444067955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4855441749095917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.4338385760784149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-based-radar","display_name":"Space-based radar","score":0.42303481698036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.41457802057266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3483484983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.3202192187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.13430878520011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.1143375039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.09860756993293762}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.7182509899139404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.7140979766845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.6504538059234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6308890581130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6265533566474915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018378255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"The arctic","level":2,"score":0.5649936199188232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5036444067955017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4855441749095917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.4338385760784149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36067731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572176","display_name":"Space-based radar","level":5,"score":0.42303481698036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.41457802057266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3483484983444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.3202192187309265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.13430878520011902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.1143375039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09860756993293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100102862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625855","display_name":"Bistatic radar","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3444045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3444045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:elib.dlr.de:205954","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://elib.dlr.de/205954/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196266","display_name":"elib (German Aerospace Center)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2898391981","host_organization_name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2898391981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenbeitrag"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3160765791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41976214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1649409368","https://openalex.org/W1806295116","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1970258703","https://openalex.org/W1970590897","https://openalex.org/W1973931161","https://openalex.org/W1980777882","https://openalex.org/W1981485211","https://openalex.org/W1996469229","https://openalex.org/W2004554085","https://openalex.org/W2008657843","https://openalex.org/W2024223694","https://openalex.org/W2025141160","https://openalex.org/W2028116698","https://openalex.org/W2039178356","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2053858753","https://openalex.org/W2060282746","https://openalex.org/W2069390842","https://openalex.org/W2077273414","https://openalex.org/W2081946985","https://openalex.org/W2124544126","https://openalex.org/W2138973222","https://openalex.org/W2139045280","https://openalex.org/W2164188588","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2299086563","https://openalex.org/W2463404136","https://openalex.org/W2504969653","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2772239202","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2794004337","https://openalex.org/W2809632273","https://openalex.org/W2902407688","https://openalex.org/W2911978633","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2941540825","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963516811","https://openalex.org/W2985597162","https://openalex.org/W3011560410","https://openalex.org/W3036093233","https://openalex.org/W3040545559","https://openalex.org/W3062262593","https://openalex.org/W3110919026","https://openalex.org/W3123403341","https://openalex.org/W3126411526","https://openalex.org/W3131886954","https://openalex.org/W3207011232","https://openalex.org/W3207693290","https://openalex.org/W3211974415","https://openalex.org/W4207012818","https://openalex.org/W4212954084","https://openalex.org/W4225949247","https://openalex.org/W4226236720","https://openalex.org/W4245800356","https://openalex.org/W4309312735","https://openalex.org/W4365130891","https://openalex.org/W4366609310","https://openalex.org/W4385994205","https://openalex.org/W4392962198","https://openalex.org/W4393240211","https://openalex.org/W6724868818","https://openalex.org/W6889803955"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2872940795","https://openalex.org/W2902407688","https://openalex.org/W79015229","https://openalex.org/W336147707","https://openalex.org/W4235710270","https://openalex.org/W1485089148","https://openalex.org/W2141422941","https://openalex.org/W2245507316","https://openalex.org/W2034491774","https://openalex.org/W2800370863"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Leads":[0],"are":[1,10,61],"almost":[2],"linear":[3],"fractures":[4],"within":[5],"the":[6,23,27,53,69,90,104,119,125,132,206],"ice":[7,85],"pack,":[8],"which":[9],"commonly":[11],"observed":[12],"in":[13,89],"polar":[14],"regions.":[15],"In":[16,72],"wintertime,":[17],"leads":[18,35,111,191],"promote":[19],"energy":[20],"flux":[21],"from":[22,145,151,210],"underlying":[24],"ocean":[25],"to":[26,59,63,149,204,212,243],"atmosphere.":[28],"Synthetic":[29],"aperture":[30],"radar":[31],"(SAR)":[32],"can":[33,184,240],"monitor":[34],"at":[36,112],"a":[37,77,141,152,159,186,193,216,228],"finer":[38],"spatial":[39,217],"resolution":[40,218],"than":[41],"other":[42],"spaceborne":[43],"datasets,":[44],"regardless":[45],"of":[46,68,106,115,122,140,190,196,219,235],"solar":[47],"illumination":[48],"and":[49,109,131,158,192,199],"atmospheric":[50],"conditions.":[51],"However,":[52],"SAR-based":[54,154],"lead":[55,86,138,155,160,171,197,208,224,247],"detection":[56,87,127,156],"methods":[57],"proposed":[58],"date":[60],"restricted":[62],"some":[64],"specific":[65],"areas,":[66],"instead":[67],"entire":[70],"Arctic.":[71],"this":[73],"article,":[74],"we":[75],"present":[76,205],"generalized":[78],"deep":[79],"learning-based":[80],"approach":[81,239],"for":[82],"automatic":[83],"sea":[84],"(SILDET)":[88],"Arctic":[91],"wintertime":[92],"using":[93,176],"Sentinel-1":[94,123],"SAR":[95],"images.":[96,178],"The":[97,137,170,179,222,237],"validation":[98],"results":[99],"show":[100],"that":[101,150,182],"SILDET":[102,146,183,201,238],"has":[103],"capability":[105],"detecting":[107],"open":[108],"frozen":[110],"different":[113],"stages":[114],"development.":[116],"Compared":[117],"with":[118,215,231],"visual":[120],"interpretation":[121],"images,":[124],"overall":[126],"accuracy":[128],"is":[129,135],"97.80%":[130],"Kappa":[133],"coefficient":[134],"0.88.":[136],"map":[139,172],"regional":[142],"study":[143],"obtained":[144],"was":[147,173,202],"compared":[148],"previous":[153],"method":[157],"dataset":[161],"based":[162],"on":[163],"Moderate":[164],"Resolution":[165],"Imaging":[166],"Spectroradiometer":[167],"(MODIS)":[168],"data.":[169],"also":[174],"validated":[175],"Sentinel-2":[177],"result":[180],"shows":[181],"provide":[185,244],"more":[187],"detailed":[188],"distribution":[189,209,226,248],"better":[194],"estimation":[195],"width":[198,225],"area.":[200],"applied":[203],"Arctic-wide":[207,223],"January":[211],"April":[213],"2023":[214],"40":[220],"m.":[221],"follows":[227],"power":[229],"law":[230],"an":[232],"average":[233],"exponent":[234],"1.65.":[236],"be":[241],"expected":[242],"long-term":[245],"high-resolution":[246],"records.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}