{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401507874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3442156","title":"Unsupervised Multitemporal Triclass Change Detection","display_name":"Unsupervised Multitemporal Triclass Change Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401507874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3442156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3442156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3442156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3442156","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048740404","display_name":"Rog\u00e9rio Galante Negri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-2362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rog\u00e9rio G. Negri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology Institute (ICT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-2362","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology Institute (ICT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055912992","display_name":"Alejandro C. Frery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8002-5341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro C. Frery","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8002-5341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077785532","display_name":"Wallace Casaca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1073-9939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wallace Casaca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006623289","display_name":"Paolo Gamba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-6337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Gamba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Biomedical and Computer Engineering, Telecommunications and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9576-6337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Biomedical and Computer Engineering, Telecommunications and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057547054","display_name":"Avik Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-6108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avik Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6720-6108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering (CSRE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81863861,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.7792999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13717","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms and Applications","score":0.7792999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.7734000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-detection","display_name":"Change detection","score":0.7547868490219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5613972544670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5251614451408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4826005697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.445221871137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4405522346496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22775018215179443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203595873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25389927","display_name":"Change detection","level":2,"score":0.7547868490219116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5613972544670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5251614451408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4826005697250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.445221871137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4405522346496582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22775018215179443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3442156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3442156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/299147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3442156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"instacron:UNESP","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/299147","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2024.3442156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"instacron:UNESP","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1264755887","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021/03328-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1710134587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"316228/2021-4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328530","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development in Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2139839371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021/01305-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4591569816","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"305220/2022-5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328530","funder_display_name":"Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development in Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8690096890","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023/02538-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328530","display_name":"Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development in Health","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564947197","https://openalex.org/W1836458662","https://openalex.org/W1927211154","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2009115165","https://openalex.org/W2027091505","https://openalex.org/W2028151808","https://openalex.org/W2037994585","https://openalex.org/W2049061912","https://openalex.org/W2067426630","https://openalex.org/W2073134030","https://openalex.org/W2085283969","https://openalex.org/W2100246094","https://openalex.org/W2109900939","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2134969826","https://openalex.org/W2157026765","https://openalex.org/W2170655593","https://openalex.org/W2312830956","https://openalex.org/W2320738207","https://openalex.org/W2503135644","https://openalex.org/W2611890062","https://openalex.org/W2755950973","https://openalex.org/W2766589793","https://openalex.org/W2767043538","https://openalex.org/W2785294182","https://openalex.org/W2789675808","https://openalex.org/W2898200895","https://openalex.org/W2902788350","https://openalex.org/W2910587630","https://openalex.org/W2962943467","https://openalex.org/W2963229614","https://openalex.org/W2968065858","https://openalex.org/W2989751901","https://openalex.org/W3004369358","https://openalex.org/W3004839151","https://openalex.org/W3007264741","https://openalex.org/W3036616251","https://openalex.org/W3080309540","https://openalex.org/W3105553032","https://openalex.org/W3106359699","https://openalex.org/W3120727183","https://openalex.org/W3157062364","https://openalex.org/W3167892722","https://openalex.org/W3179303890","https://openalex.org/W3205319144","https://openalex.org/W4224444092","https://openalex.org/W4245539475","https://openalex.org/W4293812263","https://openalex.org/W4366503983","https://openalex.org/W4405107181"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2568858292","https://openalex.org/W1515964938","https://openalex.org/W2389381914","https://openalex.org/W2376528221","https://openalex.org/W196800607","https://openalex.org/W2359428812","https://openalex.org/W3181296946","https://openalex.org/W2015705630","https://openalex.org/W2033914206","https://openalex.org/W2042327336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Change":[0],"detection":[1,62,102],"is":[2],"a":[3,11,73,106,122],"fundamental":[4],"task":[5],"that":[6],"involves":[7],"assessing":[8],"changes":[9,50,130],"in":[10,51],"given":[12],"region":[13],"over":[14,131],"multiple":[15],"time":[16],"periods.":[17],"It":[18],"has":[19],"been":[20],"widely":[21],"applied":[22],"across":[23],"various":[24],"fields,":[25],"including":[26],"monitoring":[27],"deforestation,":[28],"urban":[29],"expansion,":[30],"and":[31,42,71,78,90,139,176,187],"natural":[32],"disaster":[33],"analysis.":[34],"In":[35],"this":[36,97],"article,":[37],"we":[38],"address":[39],"the":[40,83,92,99,111,126,134,194,197],"critical":[41],"complex":[43],"issue":[44],"of":[45,49,69,85,94,110,136,196],"automatically":[46],"identifying":[47,91],"types":[48],"land":[52,112],"cover":[53,113],"using":[54,184],"remotely":[55],"sensed":[56],"imagery.":[57],"While":[58],"conventional":[59],"unsupervised":[60,100],"change":[61,101,180],"methods":[63],"typically":[64],"focus":[65],"on":[66],"comparing":[67],"pairs":[68],"images":[70],"making":[72],"binary":[74],"decision":[75],"between":[76],"\u201cchange\u201d":[77],"\u201cnonchange,\u201d":[79],"our":[80,116],"approach":[81,117],"tackles":[82],"challenge":[84],"analyzing":[86],"long":[87],"image":[88,191],"series":[89,192],"kind":[93],"change.":[95],"Under":[96],"condition,":[98],"process":[103],"allows":[104],"for":[105],"more":[107],"informative":[108],"identification":[109],"dynamics.":[114],"Moreover,":[115],"transforms":[118],"input":[119],"data":[120],"to":[121],"new":[123],"representation,":[124],"capturing":[125],"target\u2019s":[127],"spectral":[128,147],"response":[129,148],"time.":[132],"Through":[133],"utilization":[135],"stochastic":[137],"distances":[138],"an":[140],"optimized":[141],"thresholding":[142],"scheme,":[143],"areas":[144],"exhibiting":[145,167],"minimal":[146],"variance":[149],"are":[150,170],"classified":[151],"as":[152],"unchanged,":[153],"effectively":[154],"distinguishing":[155],"them":[156],"from":[157],"regions":[158,166],"undergoing":[159],"modifications.":[160],"Next,":[161],"by":[162],"applying":[163],"autocorrelation":[164],"analysis,":[165],"temporal":[168],"modifications":[169],"segregated":[171],"into":[172],"periodic":[173],"(i.e.,":[174,178],"seasonal)":[175],"aperiodic":[177],"permanent)":[179],"cases.":[181],"Experimental":[182],"validation":[183],"both":[185],"simulated":[186],"real-world":[188],"remote":[189],"sensing":[190],"demonstrates":[193],"effectiveness":[195],"proposed":[198],"approach.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}