{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401387413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3440043","title":"An Efficient Gaussian Mixture Model Classifier for Outdoor Surveillance Using Seismic Signals","display_name":"An Efficient Gaussian Mixture Model Classifier for Outdoor Surveillance Using Seismic Signals","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401387413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3440043"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3440043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3440043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043472157","display_name":"Srinivasan Aruchamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-2377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70735523","display_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059h0ng81","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702","https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan Aruchamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7942-2377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018502170","display_name":"Anisom Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0496-0580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70735523","display_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059h0ng81","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702","https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anisom Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0496-0580","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018140858","display_name":"Manisha Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-8952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70735523","display_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059h0ng81","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702","https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manisha Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044058884","display_name":"Siva Ram Krishna Vadali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-4219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70735523","display_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059h0ng81","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702","https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siva Ram Krishna Vadali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9373-4219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041548235","display_name":"R.K. Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-5920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70735523","display_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059h0ng81","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702","https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranjit Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-5920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067349819","display_name":"Sambhunath Nandy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-8156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70735523","display_name":"Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/059h0ng81","country_code":"IN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I66760702","https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sambhunath Nandy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1078-8156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underwater Robotics and Autonomous Systems Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043472157"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70735523"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6491,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91100828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9054999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9054999947547913,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5897760987281799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.5321981310844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5122110247612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5036241412162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4731527268886566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixture-model","display_name":"Mixture model","score":0.47210565209388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45122283697128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.446997731924057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3448348343372345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5897760987281799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.5321981310844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5122110247612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5036241412162781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4731527268886566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61224824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260434","display_name":"Mixture model","level":2,"score":0.47210565209388733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45122283697128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.446997731924057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3448348343372345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3440043","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3440043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975266778","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W1995663108","https://openalex.org/W1998458606","https://openalex.org/W2037953894","https://openalex.org/W2045533944","https://openalex.org/W2077488221","https://openalex.org/W2100190622","https://openalex.org/W2106433180","https://openalex.org/W2131673591","https://openalex.org/W2144205852","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2161610179","https://openalex.org/W2162224035","https://openalex.org/W2171200217","https://openalex.org/W2487122920","https://openalex.org/W2576566465","https://openalex.org/W2600346920","https://openalex.org/W2615247898","https://openalex.org/W2769345353","https://openalex.org/W2778644572","https://openalex.org/W2783208898","https://openalex.org/W2894841399","https://openalex.org/W2902524216","https://openalex.org/W2940450111","https://openalex.org/W2966113141","https://openalex.org/W3012065556","https://openalex.org/W3048321616","https://openalex.org/W3082562132","https://openalex.org/W3093986417","https://openalex.org/W3135085605","https://openalex.org/W3169575218","https://openalex.org/W3199264549","https://openalex.org/W4223421783","https://openalex.org/W4285343835","https://openalex.org/W4362653917","https://openalex.org/W4364304732","https://openalex.org/W4385813715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952261593","https://openalex.org/W2014494654","https://openalex.org/W1975321310","https://openalex.org/W2990323019","https://openalex.org/W3130349901","https://openalex.org/W1578916557","https://openalex.org/W1992295166","https://openalex.org/W1964286703","https://openalex.org/W2143508933","https://openalex.org/W2169866437"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"surveillance":[1,29],"of":[2,40,51,62,115,131,139,146,165,175,194],"high-security":[3],"zones,":[4],"seismic":[5,18,38,108,132],"sensors":[6,19],"have":[7],"received":[8],"considerable":[9],"attention":[10],"in":[11,59,94,105,157,196],"numerous":[12],"civilian":[13],"and":[14,45,54,92,107,120,161,184,198,208],"military":[15],"applications.":[16],"Since":[17],"are":[20],"highly":[21],"sensitive":[22],"to":[23,72,82],"the":[24,56,60,103,140,147,173,176,187],"Earth\u2019s":[25],"surface":[26],"vibration,":[27],"outdoor":[28,159],"is":[30],"difficult":[31],"during":[32,43,76],"seasonal":[33],"variations.":[34],"We":[35,150,178],"acquire":[36],"empirical":[37],"signals":[39,133],"various":[41],"events":[42,74],"normal":[44,95,197],"rainy":[46,99,199],"weather":[47,200],"over":[48],"a":[49,79,155,168,180],"period":[50],"three":[52],"months":[53],"analyze":[55],"potential":[57],"challenges":[58],"classification":[61,85],"intrusion":[63],"with":[64,154,190],"existing":[65,202],"solutions.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"work,":[69],"we":[70,110],"propose":[71,111],"categorize":[73],"occurring":[75],"rain":[77,166],"as":[78,96,98,167],"separate":[80,169],"class":[81],"improve":[83],"upon":[84],"accuracies":[86],"for":[87],"human,":[88],"vehicle,":[89],"animal":[90],"movements,":[91],"no-disturbance":[93],"well":[97],"weather.":[100],"Next,":[101],"considering":[102],"similarities":[104],"speech":[106],"signals,":[109],"Gaussian":[112,142],"mixture":[113,143],"modeling":[114],"Mel-frequency":[116],"cepstral":[117],"coefficients":[118],"(MFCCs)":[119],"their":[121],"first":[122],"derivatives":[123],"(<inline-formula":[124],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[125],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[126],"<tex-math":[127],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\Delta":[128],"$":[129],"</tex-math></inline-formula>-MFCCs)":[130],"followed":[134],"by":[135],"maximum":[136],"likelihood":[137],"estimation":[138],"corresponding":[141],"model":[144],"(GMM)":[145],"true":[148],"event.":[149],"conduct":[151],"extensive":[152],"experiments":[153],"setup":[156],"an":[158,191],"environment":[160],"demonstrate":[162],"that":[163,186],"consideration":[164],"event":[170],"greatly":[171],"enhances":[172],"efficacy":[174],"classifier.":[177],"provide":[179],"comparative":[181],"performance":[182],"analysis":[183],"show":[185],"proposed":[188],"classifier":[189],"overall":[192],"accuracy":[193],"97.7%":[195],"outperforms":[201],"solutions,":[203],"popular":[204],"machine":[205],"learning":[206,210],"(ML),":[207],"deep":[209],"(DL)":[211],"models.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T01:58:51.020947","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
