{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401070674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3435044","title":"A Self-Attention-Based Deep Learning Model for Estimating Global Phytoplankton Pigment Profiles","display_name":"A Self-Attention-Based Deep Learning Model for Estimating Global Phytoplankton Pigment Profiles","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401070674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3435044"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3435044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3435044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317379","display_name":"Yi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9575-2330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9575-2330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106620138","display_name":"Xiaolong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-752X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-752X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347672","display_name":"Xiaofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-5119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation and Forecasting, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2986,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86868815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9559999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9559999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phytoplankton","display_name":"Phytoplankton","score":0.613784670829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5115247964859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.41874799132347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41280338168144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.3836733400821686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3795369267463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.35776209831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.22859814763069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.1636555790901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0964709222316742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184755","display_name":"Phytoplankton","level":3,"score":0.613784670829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5115247964859009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.41874799132347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41280338168144226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.3836733400821686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3795369267463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35776209831237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.22859814763069153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1636555790901184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0964709222316742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3435044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3435044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3895677005","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022CXPT020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","funder_display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5179571903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42221005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6779675763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB42000000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6933712363","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2020MD083","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G752889640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42076200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7738052025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2006211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333596","display_name":"Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1063495705","https://openalex.org/W1513140830","https://openalex.org/W1603040941","https://openalex.org/W1661612813","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1961751997","https://openalex.org/W1969782431","https://openalex.org/W1976940862","https://openalex.org/W1979058049","https://openalex.org/W1992460951","https://openalex.org/W1993505574","https://openalex.org/W1995811252","https://openalex.org/W1996606404","https://openalex.org/W2001303551","https://openalex.org/W2013500869","https://openalex.org/W2013849888","https://openalex.org/W2017370637","https://openalex.org/W2022748821","https://openalex.org/W2031190648","https://openalex.org/W2036677156","https://openalex.org/W2038720636","https://openalex.org/W2042008586","https://openalex.org/W2046453765","https://openalex.org/W2057037894","https://openalex.org/W2060410874","https://openalex.org/W2062350618","https://openalex.org/W2062476282","https://openalex.org/W2063178769","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2066894987","https://openalex.org/W2067194596","https://openalex.org/W2069337962","https://openalex.org/W2079493774","https://openalex.org/W2081929303","https://openalex.org/W2084285349","https://openalex.org/W2084415244","https://openalex.org/W2088665921","https://openalex.org/W2092497323","https://openalex.org/W2101077133","https://openalex.org/W2103025156","https://openalex.org/W2111020875","https://openalex.org/W2111275287","https://openalex.org/W2112504968","https://openalex.org/W2115359280","https://openalex.org/W2117391424","https://openalex.org/W2124487369","https://openalex.org/W2128876958","https://openalex.org/W2137572869","https://openalex.org/W2140861271","https://openalex.org/W2142146942","https://openalex.org/W2147345950","https://openalex.org/W2154741179","https://openalex.org/W2155923306","https://openalex.org/W2159951099","https://openalex.org/W2162694246","https://openalex.org/W2163330578","https://openalex.org/W2296686512","https://openalex.org/W2553499667","https://openalex.org/W2586221122","https://openalex.org/W2589592374","https://openalex.org/W2620607894","https://openalex.org/W2625303305","https://openalex.org/W2774740409","https://openalex.org/W2781626870","https://openalex.org/W2914377344","https://openalex.org/W2940726923","https://openalex.org/W2946309465","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2970966269","https://openalex.org/W2979186211","https://openalex.org/W2981516216","https://openalex.org/W2982702199","https://openalex.org/W2986750949","https://openalex.org/W2996458336","https://openalex.org/W3007598347","https://openalex.org/W3011560410","https://openalex.org/W3011806746","https://openalex.org/W3019016455","https://openalex.org/W3022594062","https://openalex.org/W3022636517","https://openalex.org/W3035461749","https://openalex.org/W3042493930","https://openalex.org/W3045569511","https://openalex.org/W3097946650","https://openalex.org/W3119669756","https://openalex.org/W3120014374","https://openalex.org/W3133660922","https://openalex.org/W3154113961","https://openalex.org/W3154766652","https://openalex.org/W3173362526","https://openalex.org/W3176377730","https://openalex.org/W3180109764","https://openalex.org/W3183146101","https://openalex.org/W3185849233","https://openalex.org/W3198886325","https://openalex.org/W3213993060","https://openalex.org/W4200562914","https://openalex.org/W4211023987","https://openalex.org/W4212909532","https://openalex.org/W4223902930","https://openalex.org/W4281396896","https://openalex.org/W4285288041","https://openalex.org/W4288067872","https://openalex.org/W4292604031","https://openalex.org/W4307714586","https://openalex.org/W4309741556","https://openalex.org/W4312724869","https://openalex.org/W4313414211","https://openalex.org/W4319335604","https://openalex.org/W4320018419","https://openalex.org/W4323637041","https://openalex.org/W4362519158","https://openalex.org/W4376269315","https://openalex.org/W4376874322","https://openalex.org/W4377090605","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6630807083","https://openalex.org/W6641034146","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6736518430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W4323565446"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Characterizing":[0],"global":[1,28,67],"phytoplankton":[2,12,29,50,199,212,229],"pigment":[3,30],"profiles":[4,31],"in":[5,32,49,72,108,211,220],"the":[6,33,46,79,83,88,120,161,167,176,207,215,221,227,268,272],"ocean":[7,164,190],"is":[8],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,138,246,255,265],"comprehending":[11],"dynamics.":[13],"This":[14],"study":[15],"develops":[16],"a":[17,91,232],"self-attention-based":[18],"deep":[19],"learning":[20],"model":[21,53,89],"(Pigmentsformer)":[22],"to":[23,44,117,128,205],"estimate":[24],"nine":[25,139],"types":[26,140],"of":[27,41,60,87,99,141,178,186,194,197,226,271],"top":[34],"300-m":[35],"ocean.":[36],"Pigmentsformer":[37],"employed":[38],"15-day":[39],"sequences":[40],"ocean-color":[42,75],"data":[43],"capture":[45],"dynamic":[47],"changes":[48,210],"growth.":[51],"The":[52,97,143,224],"was":[54,203],"trained":[55],"on":[56],"an":[57],"extensive":[58],"collection":[59],"matchups,":[61],"including":[62],"33":[63],"975":[64],"samples":[65],"between":[66,107,209],"high-performance":[68],"liquid":[69],"chromatography":[70],"(HPLC)":[71],"situ":[73,109],"measurements,":[74,77],"satellite":[76],"and":[78,111,182,189,214,257],"environment":[80],"fields":[81],"from":[82,115,126],"reanalysis":[84],"dataset.":[85],"Validation":[86],"employs":[90],"tenfold":[92],"leave-one-out":[93],"cross-validation":[94],"(LOOCV)":[95],"approach.":[96],"coefficient":[98],"determination":[100],"(<inline-formula":[101,239],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[102,130,240,249,259],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[103,131,241,250,260],"<tex-math":[104,132,242,251,261],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${R}^{2}$":[105],"</tex-math></inline-formula>)":[106],"HPLC":[110],"Pigmentsformer-estimated":[112],"concentrations":[113],"ranges":[114],"0.67":[116],"0.87,":[118],"with":[119,163,235],"mean":[121],"absolute":[122],"error":[123],"(MAE)":[124],"ranging":[125],"0.01":[127],"<inline-formula":[129,248,258],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.33~{\\text":[133],"{mg}\\cdot":[134],"}{\\text":[135],"{m}}^{-3}$":[136],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[137,245,254,264],"pigments.":[142],"backpropagation":[144],"technique":[145],"reveals":[146],"that":[147,185],"among":[148],"all":[149],"predictors,":[150],"optical":[151,187],"properties":[152,188],"are":[153],"paramount":[154],"when":[155],"estimating":[156],"total":[157],"chlorophyll-a":[158],"(TChla)":[159],"at":[160],"surface,":[162],"current":[165],"being":[166],"most":[168],"influential":[169],"environmental":[170,179],"factor.":[171],"However,":[172],"as":[173],"depth":[174],"increases,":[175],"effect":[177],"variables":[180],"SSH":[181],"temperature":[183],"exceed":[184],"current.":[191],"An":[192],"examination":[193],"20":[195],"years":[196],"model-generated":[198],"size":[200],"classes":[201],"(PSCs)":[202],"conducted":[204],"explore":[206],"correlation":[208],"communities":[213],"El":[216],"Ni\u00f1o-Southern":[217],"Oscillation":[218],"(ENSO)":[219],"Equatorial":[222,269],"Pacific.":[223],"location":[225],"maximum":[228],"layer":[230],"has":[231],"positive":[233],"relationship":[234],"Ni\u00f1o":[236,273],"3.4":[237,274],"index":[238],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$R":[243,252,262],"=0.70$":[244],"micro-phytoplankton,":[247],"=0.68$":[253],"nano-phytoplankton,":[256],"=0.45$":[263],"pico-phytoplankton)":[266],"within":[267],"Pacific":[270],"region.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
