{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400448300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3425608","title":"Learning Cross-View Visual Geo-Localization Without Ground Truth","display_name":"Learning Cross-View Visual Geo-Localization Without Ground Truth","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400448300","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3425608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3425608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3425608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100673440","display_name":"Haoyuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4678-9923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haoyuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101849661","display_name":"Chang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069540177","display_name":"Wen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-8768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076179689","display_name":"Huai Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6043-3412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073032922","display_name":"Gui-Song Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7660-6090"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gui-Song Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the State Key Laboratory of LIESMARS, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the State Key Laboratory of LIESMARS, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100673440"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93005823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.7014980316162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6088893413543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5308198928833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5271615386009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5046862363815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.46226751804351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.42352578043937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.32388362288475037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.7014980316162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6088893413543701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5308198928833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5271615386009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5046862363815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.46226751804351807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.42352578043937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.32388362288475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3425608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3425608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6199460555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271355","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8125685149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2199890863","https://openalex.org/W2567948266","https://openalex.org/W2799087793","https://openalex.org/W2895281799","https://openalex.org/W2951019013","https://openalex.org/W2963474852","https://openalex.org/W2965604235","https://openalex.org/W2981670313","https://openalex.org/W2985406498","https://openalex.org/W2996763163","https://openalex.org/W3081227581","https://openalex.org/W3092933908","https://openalex.org/W3115854999","https://openalex.org/W3115894062","https://openalex.org/W3119543788","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W4206760693","https://openalex.org/W4285246495","https://openalex.org/W4291910348","https://openalex.org/W4296122736","https://openalex.org/W4308237007","https://openalex.org/W4308828190","https://openalex.org/W4308986790","https://openalex.org/W4312646610","https://openalex.org/W4320858309","https://openalex.org/W4366208220","https://openalex.org/W4382467090","https://openalex.org/W4385507547","https://openalex.org/W4386077585","https://openalex.org/W4386790226","https://openalex.org/W4387682324","https://openalex.org/W4387789954","https://openalex.org/W4387967935","https://openalex.org/W4389519452","https://openalex.org/W4389819300","https://openalex.org/W4390190100","https://openalex.org/W4390691253","https://openalex.org/W4390873434","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391631961","https://openalex.org/W4392697187","https://openalex.org/W4402733579","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6788125050","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6800751262","https://openalex.org/W6839562487","https://openalex.org/W6846043717","https://openalex.org/W6847364144","https://openalex.org/W6850420987","https://openalex.org/W6851800889","https://openalex.org/W6855760251","https://openalex.org/W6856692825","https://openalex.org/W6861516616","https://openalex.org/W6861928822","https://openalex.org/W6862803776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W2803457939"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-view":[0],"geo-localization":[1],"(CVGL)":[2],"involves":[3],"determining":[4],"the":[5,45,145,149,152,220,226],"geographical":[6],"location":[7],"of":[8,47,151,207],"a":[9,16,89,95,99,116,162,230],"query":[10],"image":[11],"by":[12,229],"matching":[13,139],"it":[14],"with":[15,29,161],"corresponding":[17],"GPS-tagged":[18],"reference":[19],"image.":[20],"Current":[21],"state-of-the-art":[22],"methods":[23,194],"predominantly":[24],"rely":[25],"on":[26,61,203,219],"training":[27,38,60,198],"models":[28,49,212],"labeled":[30],"paired":[31],"images,":[32],"incurring":[33],"substantial":[34,231],"annotation":[35],"costs":[36],"and":[37,74,81,143,188,200,240],"burdens.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"study,":[42],"we":[43,87,129,155],"investigate":[44],"adaptation":[46,209],"frozen":[48,100],"for":[50,98,210],"CVGL":[51],"without":[52],"requiring":[53],"ground-truth":[54],"pair":[55],"labels.":[56],"We":[57],"observe":[58],"that":[59,166,178],"unlabeled":[62,72,120,127,204],"cross-view":[63,141],"images":[64],"presents":[65],"significant":[66,183],"challenges,":[67,86],"including":[68],"establishing":[69],"relationships":[70,125],"within":[71,126],"data":[73,121],"reconciling":[75],"view":[76],"discrepancies":[77],"between":[78,140],"uncertain":[79],"queries":[80],"references.":[82],"To":[83,123,147],"address":[84],"these":[85],"propose":[88],"self-supervised":[90],"learning":[91],"framework":[92],"to":[93,108,192],"train":[94],"learnable":[96],"adapter":[97,105],"foundation":[101],"model":[102],"(FM).":[103],"This":[104],"is":[106,252],"designed":[107],"map":[109],"feature":[110],"distributions":[111],"from":[112],"diverse":[113],"views":[114],"into":[115],"uniform":[117],"space":[118],"using":[119],"exclusively.":[122],"establish":[124],"data,":[128],"introduce":[130],"an":[131,157],"expectation-maximization":[132],"(EM)-based":[133],"pseudolabeling":[134],"module,":[135],"which":[136],"iteratively":[137],"estimates":[138],"features":[142,168],"optimizes":[144],"adapter.":[146],"maintain":[148],"robustness":[150],"FM\u2019s":[153],"representation,":[154],"incorporate":[156],"information":[158],"consistency":[159],"module":[160],"reconstruction":[163],"loss,":[164],"ensuring":[165],"adapted":[167],"retain":[169],"strong":[170],"discriminative":[171],"ability":[172],"across":[173],"views.":[174],"Experimental":[175],"results":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"our":[179,208,223],"proposed":[180],"method":[181,224],"achieves":[182],"improvements":[184],"over":[185],"vanilla":[186],"FMs":[187],"competitive":[189],"accuracy":[190],"compared":[191],"supervised":[193],"while":[195],"necessitating":[196],"fewer":[197],"parameters":[199],"relying":[201],"solely":[202],"data.":[205],"Evaluation":[206],"task-specific":[211],"further":[213],"highlights":[214],"its":[215],"broad":[216],"applicability.":[217],"Particularly,":[218],"University-1652":[221],"dataset,":[222],"outperforms":[225],"FM":[227],"baseline":[228],"margin,":[232],"achieving":[233],"about":[234],"39":[235],"points":[236,244],"improvement":[237],"in":[238,246],"Recall@1":[239],"more":[241],"than":[242],"34":[243],"increase":[245],"average":[247],"precision":[248],"(AP).":[249],"The":[250],"project":[251],"available":[253],"at":[254],"<uri":[255],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[256],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://collebt.github.io/EM-CVGL</uri>.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}