{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399619869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3410184","title":"Enhancing Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data Resolution Through Weakly Supervised Learning","display_name":"Enhancing Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data Resolution Through Weakly Supervised Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399619869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3410184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3410184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3410184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100638482","display_name":"Dawei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-2379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CA","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-2379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080108522","display_name":"Mei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9207-3914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100666814","display_name":"Xiaokai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-985X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Company Ltd., Xi&#x2019;an, China","Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5396-985X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Company Ltd., Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102003588","display_name":"Zhensheng Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhensheng Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007988581","display_name":"Mauricio D. Sacchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauricio D. Sacchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6654-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100651084","display_name":"Wenchao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-337X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenchao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0696-337X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037580453","display_name":"Zhaodan Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaodan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Company Ltd., Xi&#x2019;an, China","China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Co., Ltd, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Company Ltd., Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Co., Ltd, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100352407","display_name":"Xian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1187-3486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Company Ltd., Xi&#x2019;an, China","Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Xi&#x2019;an Group Company Ltd., Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100638482"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047","https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4494,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92097717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9402999877929688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9304999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9527361392974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.779514491558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.58994060754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5451762080192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4601702094078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.43043678998947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.42638248205184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4067091643810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08136767148971558}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9527361392974854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.779514491558075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.58994060754776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5451762080192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4601702094078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.43043678998947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.42638248205184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4067091643810272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08136767148971558}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3410184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3410184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2043061748","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41974131","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5195262398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42374135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6557079561","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"xzy012023073","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1580389772","https://openalex.org/W1645275897","https://openalex.org/W1967052042","https://openalex.org/W1995555723","https://openalex.org/W2013301680","https://openalex.org/W2037934142","https://openalex.org/W2039867709","https://openalex.org/W2042359472","https://openalex.org/W2045740859","https://openalex.org/W2063777496","https://openalex.org/W2066462894","https://openalex.org/W2067614867","https://openalex.org/W2073450040","https://openalex.org/W2073679582","https://openalex.org/W2084531473","https://openalex.org/W2084783886","https://openalex.org/W2088461590","https://openalex.org/W2100369874","https://openalex.org/W2104613270","https://openalex.org/W2109996540","https://openalex.org/W2117188373","https://openalex.org/W2148612400","https://openalex.org/W2150493485","https://openalex.org/W2150509498","https://openalex.org/W2333414039","https://openalex.org/W2502312327","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2555437177","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2962903125","https://openalex.org/W2969365401","https://openalex.org/W2972043148","https://openalex.org/W3042090478","https://openalex.org/W3043449013","https://openalex.org/W3087044256","https://openalex.org/W3097404960","https://openalex.org/W3135190140","https://openalex.org/W3147262955","https://openalex.org/W3185007799","https://openalex.org/W3203590351","https://openalex.org/W3217335141","https://openalex.org/W4301054805","https://openalex.org/W4309828240","https://openalex.org/W4309985422","https://openalex.org/W4312282716","https://openalex.org/W4377145695","https://openalex.org/W4384070556","https://openalex.org/W4386859756","https://openalex.org/W4386918745","https://openalex.org/W4387789689","https://openalex.org/W4390660221","https://openalex.org/W4390813794","https://openalex.org/W4391341530","https://openalex.org/W4394984890","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6724804524","https://openalex.org/W6730523353","https://openalex.org/W6748645028","https://openalex.org/W6855402101"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2620680451","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2091422131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-penetrating":[0],"radar":[1,63],"(GPR)":[2],"is":[3,68,101,166,182,193],"a":[4,31,103,111,147,153,230],"pivotal":[5],"noninvasive":[6],"tool":[7],"that":[8,82],"yields":[9],"subsurface":[10,234],"images":[11,53],"critical":[12,205],"to":[13,141,168,185],"archeology,":[14],"near-surface":[15],"characterization,":[16],"geotechnical":[17],"studies,":[18],"and":[19,37,152,175,197,211],"disaster":[20],"response.":[21],"The":[22,179,200],"antenna":[23,40,149,155],"central":[24,139],"frequency":[25,214],"of":[26,61,124,135,225],"the":[27,59,122,157,170,213,222],"GPR":[28,188,227],"system":[29],"has":[30],"significant":[32],"impact":[33],"on":[34,84,195],"penetration":[35],"depth":[36,67,224],"resolution.":[38,190],"Lower":[39],"frequencies":[41,50,140],"penetrate":[42],"deeper":[43],"but":[44],"at":[45,54],"lower":[46],"resolutions,":[47],"while":[48],"higher":[49],"offer":[51],"detailed":[52],"reduced":[55],"depths.":[56],"Therefore,":[57],"improving":[58],"resolution":[60,113,219],"low-frequency":[62,148,187],"with":[64,137,146],"increased":[65],"detection":[66,223],"an":[69],"essential":[70],"research":[71],"focus.":[72],"Inspired":[73],"by":[74],"image":[75],"super-resolution":[76],"advancements,":[77],"supervised":[78,118],"deep":[79],"learning":[80,158],"methods":[81],"rely":[83],"strictly":[85,125],"paired":[86,96,126],"training":[87,144],"data":[88,189],"have":[89],"achieved":[90],"remarkable":[91],"success.":[92],"However,":[93],"acquiring":[94],"such":[95],"samples":[97,127],"in":[98,128,233],"practical":[99],"scenarios":[100],"often":[102],"formidable":[104],"challenge.":[105],"To":[106],"tackle":[107],"this,":[108],"we":[109],"propose":[110],"novel":[112],"enhancement":[114],"technique":[115],"through":[116],"weakly":[117],"learning,":[119],"effectively":[120,203],"addressing":[121],"scarcity":[123],"real-world":[129,198],"situations.":[130],"We":[131],"utilize":[132],"two":[133],"sets":[134],"antennas":[136],"different":[138],"construct":[142],"our":[143],"data,":[145,228],"as":[150,156],"input":[151],"high-frequency":[154,206],"target.":[159],"A":[160],"cycle-consistent":[161],"generative":[162],"adversarial":[163],"network":[164,181],"(Cycle-GAN)":[165],"trained":[167],"discern":[169],"mapping":[171],"between":[172],"low-resolution":[173,226],"inputs":[174],"unpaired":[176],"high-resolution":[177],"data.":[178],"refined":[180],"then":[183],"employed":[184],"improve":[186],"Our":[191],"work":[192],"validated":[194],"synthetic":[196],"datasets.":[199],"proposed":[201],"method":[202],"strengthens":[204],"details":[207],"for":[208],"finer":[209],"imaging":[210,235],"broadens":[212],"bandwidth.":[215],"Significantly,":[216],"it":[217],"enhances":[218],"without":[220],"compromising":[221],"marking":[229],"substantial":[231],"advancement":[232],"technology.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
