{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399039548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3405942","title":"Deep Neural Network Explainability Enhancement via Causality-Erasing SHAP Method for SAR Target Recognition","display_name":"Deep Neural Network Explainability Enhancement via Causality-Erasing SHAP Method for SAR Target Recognition","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399039548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3405942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3405942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3405942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061245960","display_name":"Zongyong Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-786X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongyong Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-786X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019795601","display_name":"Zhiyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3789-4872"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102883587","display_name":"Zheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-158X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-158X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073286010","display_name":"Liqiang Mou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiang Mou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071228487","display_name":"Kailing Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5953-1856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kailing Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5953-1856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019411747","display_name":"Zongjie Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-9087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongjie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0117-9087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660972","display_name":"Jianyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8755782,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9625999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.920199990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.6574918031692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6246973872184753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6072165369987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5329709053039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.46231114864349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.45946431159973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4463481307029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42203187942504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2162802517414093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.6574918031692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6246973872184753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6072165369987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5329709053039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.46231114864349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.45946431159973145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4463481307029724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42203187942504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2162802517414093}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3405942","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3405942","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2925967515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271116","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1593575857","https://openalex.org/W2013203016","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2120126382","https://openalex.org/W2164943005","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2286052686","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2762294195","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2969880113","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W3036985664","https://openalex.org/W3038113894","https://openalex.org/W3082455399","https://openalex.org/W3091589898","https://openalex.org/W3093764775","https://openalex.org/W3121356232","https://openalex.org/W3124464611","https://openalex.org/W3134982597","https://openalex.org/W3198125731","https://openalex.org/W3214405932","https://openalex.org/W4206820930","https://openalex.org/W4210364697","https://openalex.org/W4238768247","https://openalex.org/W4285295676","https://openalex.org/W4290840436","https://openalex.org/W4317740016","https://openalex.org/W4364388218","https://openalex.org/W4387010623","https://openalex.org/W4387568953","https://openalex.org/W4391132239","https://openalex.org/W4391164262","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6775189569","https://openalex.org/W6783987269","https://openalex.org/W6804440844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3137365474","https://openalex.org/W2886347302","https://openalex.org/W2784759481","https://openalex.org/W1545594509","https://openalex.org/W3038591045","https://openalex.org/W3130755980","https://openalex.org/W4252699458","https://openalex.org/W1988723959","https://openalex.org/W2053024573","https://openalex.org/W2773828237"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,17,38],"networks":[2,18,39],"have":[3],"shown":[4],"remarkable":[5],"effectiveness":[6],"in":[7,40,70,114,143],"SAR":[8,41,80,144],"target":[9,42,145],"recognition.":[10,146],"However,":[11],"the":[12,29,34,47,75,85,106,111,120,137,163],"explainability":[13,35],"problem":[14],"for":[15],"deep":[16,37],"remains":[19],"insufficiently":[20],"addressed.":[21],"One":[22],"approach":[23],"to":[24,104,135,148],"tackle":[25],"this":[26,96],"challenge":[27],"is":[28],"SHAP":[30,112],"method.":[31],"It":[32],"enhances":[33,162],"of":[36,87,110,139,165],"recognition":[43],"by":[44],"observing":[45],"how":[46],"target,":[48],"shadow,":[49],"and":[50,89,108,122,155],"clutter":[51,88],"regions":[52,60,142],"play":[53],"their":[54],"own":[55],"distinct":[56],"roles.":[57],"The":[58],"masked":[59],"are":[61],"typically":[62],"filled":[63],"with":[64],"Zero,":[65],"Mean,":[66],"or":[67],"Random":[68,156],"values":[69],"optical":[71],"images.":[72],"But":[73],"if":[74],"same":[76],"operation":[77],"performed":[78],"on":[79,119],"images,":[81],"it":[82],"will":[83],"affect":[84],"distribution":[86],"thus":[90],"introducing":[91],"new":[92],"out-of-distribution":[93],"challenge.":[94],"In":[95],"paper,":[97],"we":[98],"propose":[99],"a":[100,131],"novel":[101],"masking":[102],"method":[103,113,129,160],"enhance":[105],"reliability":[107,164],"efficiency":[109],"SAR-ATR":[115],"applications.":[116],"Experimental":[117],"results":[118],"MSTAR":[121],"OpenSARShip-1.0":[123],"datasets":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"that":[126],"our":[127,158],"proposed":[128,159],"provides":[130],"more":[132],"faithful":[133],"representation":[134],"show":[136],"importance":[138],"every":[140],"single":[141],"Compared":[147],"methods":[149],"using":[150],"Zero":[151],"values,":[152,154],"Mean":[153],"baselines,":[157],"significantly":[161],"explainability.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}