{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393405381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3382331","title":"Full Waveform Inversion of Multi-frequency GPR data using a Multiscale Approach based on Deep Learning","display_name":"Full Waveform Inversion of Multi-frequency GPR data using a Multiscale Approach based on Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393405381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3382331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3382331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3382331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385837","display_name":"Yuxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1264-4335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1264-4335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040695983","display_name":"Deshan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-7797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deshan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-7797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001488682","display_name":"Yougan Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6558-5535"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yougan Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6558-5535","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114546909","display_name":"Guoxing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3498-1465"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3498-1465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036564611","display_name":"Liqiong Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1805-6828"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liqiong Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1805-6828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031351831","display_name":"Xiaoyong Tai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5991-5122"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyong Tai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5991-5122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fuzhou City Construction Design and Research Institute, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100722972","display_name":"Xun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3039-4683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3039-4683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3156,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95994378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8285272121429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.6124221682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5849869847297668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5249621272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4846975803375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.47958341240882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geophysics","display_name":"Geophysics","score":0.3499923348426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3453297019004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.337636798620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.20664706826210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09832045435905457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8285272121429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.6124221682548523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5849869847297668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5249621272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4846975803375244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.47958341240882874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8058405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46255","display_name":"Geophysics","level":1,"score":0.3499923348426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3453297019004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.337636798620224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.20664706826210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09832045435905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3382331","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3382331","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5918173523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ30806","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6645803821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42074161","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7108000311","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022JJ40584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7310797068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42104143","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503398984","https://openalex.org/W1514645091","https://openalex.org/W1888565524","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2100245965","https://openalex.org/W2108113382","https://openalex.org/W2110365961","https://openalex.org/W2128580630","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2150240527","https://openalex.org/W2242218935","https://openalex.org/W2322448291","https://openalex.org/W2327263483","https://openalex.org/W2586269368","https://openalex.org/W2589174988","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2604956086","https://openalex.org/W2801156450","https://openalex.org/W2896901590","https://openalex.org/W2896927224","https://openalex.org/W2947679247","https://openalex.org/W2955412401","https://openalex.org/W2956328874","https://openalex.org/W2963340809","https://openalex.org/W2966278466","https://openalex.org/W3004193582","https://openalex.org/W3009658940","https://openalex.org/W3048641434","https://openalex.org/W3128416105","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W3160456816","https://openalex.org/W3168724745","https://openalex.org/W3187405905","https://openalex.org/W3209159014","https://openalex.org/W4293731868","https://openalex.org/W4295308554","https://openalex.org/W4309961894","https://openalex.org/W4320713332","https://openalex.org/W4321021416","https://openalex.org/W4322773879","https://openalex.org/W4387272103","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6696085341"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4315471419","https://openalex.org/W2946057701","https://openalex.org/W4386931161","https://openalex.org/W2374146176","https://openalex.org/W2065249286","https://openalex.org/W2366839571","https://openalex.org/W4223960160","https://openalex.org/W2027762722","https://openalex.org/W2356754952","https://openalex.org/W3090858966"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground":[0],"penetrating":[1],"radar":[2],"(GPR)":[3],"full":[4,10],"waveform":[5],"inversion":[6,79,193],"(FWI)":[7],"can":[8],"make":[9],"use":[11],"of":[12,37,70,77,133,142,160,182,213],"kinematics":[13],"information":[14,17],"and":[15,33,54,80,97,124,145,171,191,197,211,218,225],"dynamics":[16],"to":[18,150,153,166],"achieve":[19],"the":[20,34,38,51,68,75,78,110,114,147,155,172,179,202,207],"highest":[21],"theoretical":[22],"resolution,":[23,209],"serving":[24],"as":[25],"a":[26,87,95,102],"promising":[27],"tool":[28],"for":[29,232],"reconstructing":[30],"subsurface":[31],"structures":[32],"physical":[35],"properties":[36],"medium.":[39],"However,":[40],"conventional":[41],"FWI":[42,88,152],"is":[43,117],"constrained":[44],"by":[45,109],"strong":[46],"nonlinearity,":[47],"easily":[48],"falls":[49],"into":[50],"local":[52],"minimum,":[53],"requires":[55],"multiple":[56,131],"forward":[57],"simulations":[58],"coupled":[59],"with":[60],"intensive":[61],"adjoint":[62],"wavefield":[63],"calculations,":[64],"which":[65,187,229],"cannot":[66],"satisfy":[67],"requirements":[69],"engineering":[71],"exploration.":[72],"To":[73],"mitigate":[74],"nonlinearity":[76],"improve":[81],"computational":[82,122,161],"efficiency,":[83],"this":[84],"paper":[85],"designs":[86],"framework":[89,204],"based":[90],"on":[91],"deep":[92,174],"learning,":[93],"featuring":[94],"multi-frequency":[96,148],"multiscale":[98],"fusion":[99],"strategy.":[100],"Utilizing":[101],"multi-output":[103],"convolutional":[104],"neural":[105],"network":[106],"(CNN)":[107],"constructed":[108,220],"hybrid":[111],"dilated":[112,128,216],"convolution,":[113],"receptive":[115],"field":[116,198],"expanded":[118],"without":[119],"incurring":[120],"additional":[121],"complexity":[123],"memory":[125],"consumption.":[126],"The":[127,158,195,215],"CNN":[129,217],"predicts":[130],"sets":[132],"available":[134],"low-frequency":[135],"data":[136,144],"from":[137],"its":[138],"respective":[139],"higher-frequency":[140],"components":[141],"GPR":[143],"integrates":[146],"strategy":[149],"guide":[151],"converge":[154],"global":[156],"minimum.":[157],"sizes":[159],"models":[162],"are":[163,230],"selected":[164],"according":[165],"distinct":[167],"electromagnetic":[168],"wave":[169],"frequencies,":[170],"very":[173],"super-resolution":[175],"(VDSR)":[176],"model":[177],"facilitates":[178],"automatic":[180],"mapping":[181],"grids":[183],"at":[184],"different":[185],"scales":[186],"reduces":[188],"unnecessary":[189],"calculation":[190],"boosts":[192],"efficiency.":[194],"synthetic":[196],"cases":[199],"prove":[200],"that":[201],"proposed":[203],"significantly":[205],"enhances":[206],"spatial":[208],"robustness,":[210],"efficiency":[212],"FWI.":[214],"VDSR":[219],"have":[221],"demonstrated":[222],"robust":[223],"generalization":[224],"noise":[226],"tolerance":[227],"abilities,":[228],"suitable":[231],"geophysical":[233],"tasks.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}