{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393207501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3381824","title":"S\u00b3ANet: Spatial\u2013Spectral Self-Attention Learning Network for Defending Against Adversarial Attacks in Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"S\u00b3ANet: Spatial\u2013Spectral Self-Attention Learning Network for Defending Against Adversarial Attacks in Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393207501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3381824"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3381824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3381824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203141","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032984126","display_name":"Yichu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN","SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yichu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Computer Vision Laboratory (CVL), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Computer Vision Laboratory (CVL), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068885379","display_name":"Yonghao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6857-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Computer Vision Laboratory (CVL), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering (ISY), Computer Vision Laboratory (CVL), Link&#x00F6;ping University, Link&#x00F6;ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026145013","display_name":"Hongzan Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7048-3293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongzan Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Urban Design and the Digital City Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Urban Design and the Digital City Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084683976","display_name":"Zhi Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-1183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024278302","display_name":"Lefei Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lefei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032984126"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673","https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7264,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97160871,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8574000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.8565999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.8564000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.8189054727554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5883780717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5428831577301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5344921946525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.4768715500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.42470648884773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38307905197143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3640541732311249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.14484462141990662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.8189054727554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5883780717849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5428831577301025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5344921946525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.4768715500831604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.42470648884773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38307905197143555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3640541732311249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14484462141990662}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3381824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3381824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-203141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-203141","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-203141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2131151903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42192580","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4308293926","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42192583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1883420340","https://openalex.org/W2172063876","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2620038827","https://openalex.org/W2768346313","https://openalex.org/W2941769495","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2950185713","https://openalex.org/W2963229629","https://openalex.org/W2963341057","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2981689412","https://openalex.org/W3035821888","https://openalex.org/W3127148410","https://openalex.org/W3127159478","https://openalex.org/W3172075653","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W3198884575","https://openalex.org/W3205965083","https://openalex.org/W3207005322","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W4210692941","https://openalex.org/W4210794570","https://openalex.org/W4214833808","https://openalex.org/W4225630686","https://openalex.org/W4225850527","https://openalex.org/W4226277663","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4309717800","https://openalex.org/W4312899742","https://openalex.org/W4322706895","https://openalex.org/W4362653113","https://openalex.org/W4372054869","https://openalex.org/W4380763457","https://openalex.org/W4384009247","https://openalex.org/W4390482625","https://openalex.org/W4390706297","https://openalex.org/W4390872849","https://openalex.org/W4391305855","https://openalex.org/W6639568328","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6729756640"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W4230131218","https://openalex.org/W2385371209","https://openalex.org/W4250051149","https://openalex.org/W2083270190","https://openalex.org/W1991437568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"have":[3],"demonstrated":[4],"impressive":[5],"capabilities":[6],"in":[7,26,49,64,75,80,100,142,175],"hyperspectral":[8],"image":[9],"(HSI)":[10],"classification":[11,117],"tasks.":[12,69],"However,":[13],"they":[14],"are":[15,36,105],"highly":[16],"vulnerable":[17],"to":[18,38,108,154,170,222],"adversarial":[19,33,78,140,192,228],"attacks,":[20],"raising":[21],"significant":[22],"security":[23],"concerns,":[24],"especially":[25],"the":[27,54,95,115,176,181,215],"remote":[28,67],"sensing":[29,68],"community.":[30],"Even":[31],"subtle":[32],"perturbations":[34],"that":[35,214],"imperceptible":[37],"human":[39],"observers":[40],"can":[41,189],"mislead":[42],"deep":[43],"learning":[44,134,152],"(DL)":[45],"models":[46,58],"and":[47,112,202],"result":[48],"incorrect":[50],"predictions.":[51],"Therefore,":[52],"ensuring":[53],"robustness":[55],"of":[56,184],"DL":[57],"has":[59,72],"become":[60],"a":[61,109,131,148,166,195],"critical":[62],"focus":[63],"addressing":[65],"security-related":[66],"Considerable":[70],"progress":[71],"been":[73],"made":[74],"defending":[76,138],"against":[77,139],"attacks":[79,141,193],"HSI":[81,143,211],"classification.":[82,144],"Nevertheless,":[83],"existing":[84],"methods":[85,104,224],"primarily":[86],"concentrate":[87],"on":[88,208],"spatial":[89,150,157,201],"relationships":[90],"between":[91,173],"pixels":[92,174],"while":[93],"overlooking":[94],"valuable":[96],"spectral":[97,168,177,203],"information":[98],"present":[99],"HSI.":[101],"Besides,":[102],"these":[103,127],"usually":[106],"limited":[107],"specific":[110],"scale":[111],"cannot":[113],"accommodate":[114],"precise":[116],"demands":[118],"for":[119,137],"ground":[120],"objects":[121],"with":[122,227],"various":[123],"scales.":[124,161],"To":[125],"address":[126,191],"limitations,":[128],"we":[129],"propose":[130],"spatial\u2013spectral":[132,185],"self-attention":[133],"network":[135],"(S3ANet)":[136],"Our":[145],"S3ANet":[146,217],"incorporates":[147],"pyramid":[149],"attention":[151],"module":[153],"effectively":[155,190],"capture":[156],"dependency":[158],"at":[159,235],"multiple":[160],"In":[162],"addition,":[163],"it":[164],"utilizes":[165],"global":[167],"transformer":[169],"establish":[171],"correlations":[172],"dimension.":[178],"By":[179],"employing":[180],"defense":[182],"method":[183],"fusion,":[186],"our":[187],"model":[188],"from":[194],"comprehensive":[196],"perspective,":[197],"seamlessly":[198],"integrating":[199],"both":[200],"information.":[204],"Extensive":[205],"experiments":[206],"conducted":[207],"four":[209],"benchmark":[210],"datasets":[212],"illustrate":[213],"proposed":[216],"achieves":[218],"competitive":[219],"performance":[220],"compared":[221],"state-of-the-art":[223],"when":[225],"faced":[226],"attacks.":[229],"The":[230],"code":[231],"is":[232],"available":[233],"online":[234],"<uri":[236],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[237],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">https://github.com/YichuXu/S3ANet</uri>.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-17T18:11:37.981687","created_date":"2024-03-27T00:00:00"}