{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392796741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3376819","title":"C\u00b2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detection","display_name":"C\u00b2Former: Calibrated and Complementary Transformer for RGB-Infrared Object Detection","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392796741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3376819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3376819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3376819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045992045","display_name":"Maoxun Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7463-7328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maoxun Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079657274","display_name":"Xingxing Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0778-8377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingxing Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing, China","Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045992045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":151.0003,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99990345,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14158","display_name":"Optical Systems and Laser Technology","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5835028290748596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5282979011535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.49268656969070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.490149587392807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48191407322883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.45190727710723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.4249931275844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.2719680666923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.16950830817222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1601717174053192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.14274844527244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13977673649787903}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5835028290748596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5282979011535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.49268656969070435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.490149587392807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48191407322883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.45190727710723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4249931275844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2719680666923523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.16950830817222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1601717174053192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14274844527244568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13977673649787903}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3376819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3376819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1910108985","https://openalex.org/W2141200610","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2214802144","https://openalex.org/W2502312327","https://openalex.org/W2593539516","https://openalex.org/W2601564443","https://openalex.org/W2725486421","https://openalex.org/W2741620214","https://openalex.org/W2792925809","https://openalex.org/W2802386777","https://openalex.org/W2887564556","https://openalex.org/W2902314041","https://openalex.org/W2929607865","https://openalex.org/W2949058942","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963188557","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963579094","https://openalex.org/W2963905288","https://openalex.org/W2964027659","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2966197049","https://openalex.org/W2966926453","https://openalex.org/W2971938076","https://openalex.org/W2980088508","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W3014611590","https://openalex.org/W3015331846","https://openalex.org/W3048091868","https://openalex.org/W3078260929","https://openalex.org/W3104978563","https://openalex.org/W3106228955","https://openalex.org/W3116967329","https://openalex.org/W3121842289","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3158128549","https://openalex.org/W3170033848","https://openalex.org/W3174873843","https://openalex.org/W3177211876","https://openalex.org/W3190981030","https://openalex.org/W3195903836","https://openalex.org/W3203608457","https://openalex.org/W3207668590","https://openalex.org/W3207919963","https://openalex.org/W4200631567","https://openalex.org/W4210668964","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4224315825","https://openalex.org/W4225125774","https://openalex.org/W4282571178","https://openalex.org/W4288325606","https://openalex.org/W4292971347","https://openalex.org/W4312596062","https://openalex.org/W4312709167","https://openalex.org/W4313142416","https://openalex.org/W4327785494","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6724804524","https://openalex.org/W6739844568","https://openalex.org/W6753836424","https://openalex.org/W6756834165","https://openalex.org/W6775188310","https://openalex.org/W6782247393","https://openalex.org/W6788870397","https://openalex.org/W6796744688","https://openalex.org/W6881026719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121524756","https://openalex.org/W2486460843","https://openalex.org/W2168109476","https://openalex.org/W782553550","https://openalex.org/W1968121071","https://openalex.org/W2061647633","https://openalex.org/W1987967678","https://openalex.org/W2020254986","https://openalex.org/W2686985752","https://openalex.org/W1992540108"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Object":[0],"detection":[1,16,230],"on":[2,208],"visible":[3],"(RGB)":[4],"and":[5,39,57,83,115,126,184,203,211,227],"infrared":[6],"(IR)":[7],"images,":[8,32],"as":[9],"an":[10,106,142],"emerging":[11],"solution":[12],"to":[13,67,92,111,150,199],"facilitate":[14],"robust":[15,40,229],"for":[17],"around-the-clock":[18],"applications,":[19],"has":[20,63],"received":[21],"extensive":[22,206],"attention":[23,139],"in":[24,41,75,140,164],"recent":[25],"years.":[26],"With":[27,205],"the":[28,64,69,113,120,124,131,137,152,165,178,209,223],"help":[29],"of":[30,154],"IR":[31,127],"object":[33,175,187],"detectors":[34,176],"have":[35],"been":[36],"more":[37],"reliable":[38],"practical":[42],"applications":[43],"by":[44,118,135],"using":[45],"RGB-IR":[46,174,213,224],"combined":[47],"information.":[48],"However,":[49],"existing":[50],"methods":[51],"still":[52],"suffer":[53],"from":[54],"modality":[55],"miscalibration":[56],"fusion":[58],"imprecision":[59],"problems.":[60],"Since":[61],"transformer":[62],"powerful":[65],"capability":[66],"model":[68],"pairwise":[70],"correlations":[71],"between":[72,123],"different":[73],"features,":[74],"this":[76],"paper,":[77],"we":[78,104,215],"propose":[79],"a":[80],"novel":[81],"Calibrated":[82],"Complementary":[84],"Transformer":[85],"called":[86],"C":[87,99,158,192],"<sup":[88,100,159,193],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[89,101,160,194],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[90,102,161,195],"Former":[91,162,196],"address":[93],"these":[94],"two":[95],"problems":[96],"simultaneously.":[97],"In":[98],"Former,":[103],"design":[105],"Inter-modality":[107],"Cross-Attention":[108],"(ICA)":[109],"module":[110,147],"obtain":[112],"calibrated":[114],"complementary":[116,225],"features":[117],"learning":[119],"cross-attention":[121],"relationship":[122],"RGB":[125],"modality.":[128],"To":[129],"reduce":[130],"computational":[132],"cost":[133],"caused":[134],"computing":[136],"global":[138],"ICA,":[141],"Adaptive":[143],"Feature":[144],"Sampling":[145],"(AFS)":[146],"is":[148,234],"introduced":[149],"decrease":[151],"dimension":[153],"feature":[155,166],"maps.":[156],"Because":[157],"performs":[163],"domain,":[167],"it":[168],"can":[169,220],"be":[170],"embedded":[171],"into":[172],"existed":[173],"via":[177],"backbone":[179],"network.":[180],"Thus,":[181],"one":[182,185],"single-stage":[183],"two-stage":[186],"detector":[188],"both":[189],"incorporating":[190],"our":[191,218],"are":[197],"constructed":[198],"evaluate":[200],"its":[201],"effectiveness":[202],"versatility.":[204],"experiments":[207],"DroneVehicle":[210],"KAIST":[212],"datasets,":[214],"verify":[216],"that":[217],"method":[219],"fully":[221],"utilize":[222],"information":[226],"achieve":[228],"results.":[231],"The":[232],"code":[233],"available":[235],"at":[236],"https://github.com/yuanmaoxun/C2Former.git.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":79},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2024-03-15T00:00:00"}