{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392543892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3373605","title":"Reconstructing 3-D Thermohaline Structures for Mesoscale Eddies Using Satellite Observations and Deep Learning","display_name":"Reconstructing 3-D Thermohaline Structures for Mesoscale Eddies Using Satellite Observations and Deep Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392543892","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3373605"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3373605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3373605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384087","display_name":"Yingjie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1634-3115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106406714","display_name":"Haoyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3500-6678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062009503","display_name":"Fei Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1744-7565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067013431","display_name":"Yuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6072-337X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347672","display_name":"Xiaofeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101167","display_name":"Institute of Oceanology","ror":"https://ror.org/018yw5541","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Oceanology, Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101167","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100384087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210101167"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98752642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9514999985694885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9448999762535095,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesoscale-meteorology","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","score":0.7024933695793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.6520981788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5672299861907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5420277118682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy","display_name":"Eddy","score":0.5042787790298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermohaline-circulation","display_name":"Thermohaline circulation","score":0.4877548813819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3454418182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.34005552530288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.10295799374580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.09741699695587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0899602472782135}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.7024933695793152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.6520981788635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5672299861907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5420277118682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179065325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994122","display_name":"Eddy","level":3,"score":0.5042787790298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78091846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463223","display_name":"Thermohaline circulation","level":2,"score":0.4877548813819885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3454418182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.34005552530288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.10295799374580383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.09741699695587158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0899602472782135}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3373605","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3373605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2698532265","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42306194","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4862920727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"XDB42000000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5179571903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42221005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7738052025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2006211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8961951159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42090044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1447128777","https://openalex.org/W1570586122","https://openalex.org/W1574272897","https://openalex.org/W1902252384","https://openalex.org/W1964959873","https://openalex.org/W1972326664","https://openalex.org/W1972454837","https://openalex.org/W1974745955","https://openalex.org/W1977136494","https://openalex.org/W1987755860","https://openalex.org/W2017647804","https://openalex.org/W2029997907","https://openalex.org/W2031850567","https://openalex.org/W2034457081","https://openalex.org/W2049888188","https://openalex.org/W2051620405","https://openalex.org/W2055626096","https://openalex.org/W2075945110","https://openalex.org/W2081723649","https://openalex.org/W2088390398","https://openalex.org/W2095250615","https://openalex.org/W2102211366","https://openalex.org/W2121100861","https://openalex.org/W2131070146","https://openalex.org/W2133773252","https://openalex.org/W2166242063","https://openalex.org/W2179515687","https://openalex.org/W2325717892","https://openalex.org/W2528842504","https://openalex.org/W2563790898","https://openalex.org/W2585476591","https://openalex.org/W2598976310","https://openalex.org/W2775188062","https://openalex.org/W2783859656","https://openalex.org/W2795355919","https://openalex.org/W2810642657","https://openalex.org/W2883557617","https://openalex.org/W2884507764","https://openalex.org/W2889295834","https://openalex.org/W2890709458","https://openalex.org/W2901341672","https://openalex.org/W2903148620","https://openalex.org/W2912148445","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2924643041","https://openalex.org/W2940734615","https://openalex.org/W2941617237","https://openalex.org/W2946309465","https://openalex.org/W2973731563","https://openalex.org/W2999851033","https://openalex.org/W3000432244","https://openalex.org/W3006292529","https://openalex.org/W3011560410","https://openalex.org/W3042493930","https://openalex.org/W3046674415","https://openalex.org/W3094821481","https://openalex.org/W3112959111","https://openalex.org/W3117461484","https://openalex.org/W3163993681","https://openalex.org/W3172242613","https://openalex.org/W3183146101","https://openalex.org/W3193603691","https://openalex.org/W3194987546","https://openalex.org/W3199545470","https://openalex.org/W3201062030","https://openalex.org/W3212741926","https://openalex.org/W4214812787","https://openalex.org/W4283818963","https://openalex.org/W4286488968","https://openalex.org/W4288067872","https://openalex.org/W4289752563","https://openalex.org/W4292348148","https://openalex.org/W4293109342","https://openalex.org/W4308413782","https://openalex.org/W4309118872","https://openalex.org/W4309720506","https://openalex.org/W4312887798","https://openalex.org/W4317425782","https://openalex.org/W4388724127","https://openalex.org/W4389454629","https://openalex.org/W4390357417"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3139950680","https://openalex.org/W2980864800","https://openalex.org/W1577772939","https://openalex.org/W2747716046","https://openalex.org/W2085182832","https://openalex.org/W2488244771","https://openalex.org/W2019354284","https://openalex.org/W857662152","https://openalex.org/W2013542667","https://openalex.org/W2377355915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mesoscale":[0],"eddies":[1,66,118,126],"are":[2,206],"circular":[3],"water":[4,17],"currents":[5],"found":[6],"widely":[7],"in":[8,67,127,140,168,181],"the":[9,14,33,50,68,78,128,141,146,157,169,178,182,188,195,226],"ocean":[10],"and":[11,19,61,74,91,119,145,164,177,184],"significantly":[12],"impact":[13],"ocean\u2019s":[15],"circulation,":[16],"distribution,":[18],"biology.":[20],"However,":[21],"our":[22,175,192,215],"comprehension":[23],"of":[24,35,54,108,191,229],"eddies\u2019":[25],"three-dimensional":[26],"(3D)":[27],"structures":[28,139,161,173,202],"remains":[29],"constrained":[30],"due":[31],"to":[32,135,154,198,217],"scarcity":[34],"in-situ":[36,230],"data.":[37,231],"Therefore,":[38],"we":[39,76],"introduce":[40],"a":[41,86],"novel":[42],"deep":[43],"learning":[44],"model,":[45,193],"3D-EddyNet,":[46],"designed":[47],"for":[48,113],"reconstructing":[49],"3D":[51,137,158,171,200],"thermohaline":[52,159],"structure":[53],"mesoscale":[55,219],"eddies.":[56],"Utilizing":[57],"multi-source":[58],"satellite":[59],"data":[60],"Argo":[62,204],"profiles":[63,205],"collected":[64],"from":[65],"North":[69],"Pacific":[70],"Ocean":[71],"between":[72,174],"2000":[73],"2015,":[75],"optimized":[77],"3D-EddyNet":[79,134,176,213],"model":[80],"by":[81,212,225],"adjusting":[82],"image":[83],"sizes,":[84],"introducing":[85],"Convolutional":[87],"Block":[88],"Attention":[89],"Module,":[90],"incorporating":[92],"eddy":[93,138,160,172,201,220],"physical":[94],"parameters.":[95],"Results":[96],"demonstrate":[97],"remarkable":[98],"accuracy,":[99],"with":[100],"an":[101],"average":[102],"root":[103],"mean":[104],"square":[105],"error":[106],"(RMSE)":[107],"0.32":[109],"\u00b0C":[110,121],"(0.03":[111],"psu)":[112,123],"temperature":[114],"(salinity)":[115],"within":[116,124],"anticyclonic":[117],"0.41":[120],"(0.04":[122],"cyclonic":[125],"upper":[129],"1000":[130],"m.":[131],"We":[132],"applied":[133],"reconstruct":[136],"Kuroshio":[142],"Extension":[143],"(KE)":[144],"Oyashio":[147],"Current":[148],"(OC)":[149],"regions,":[150],"demonstrating":[151],"its":[152],"capability":[153],"accurately":[155],"represent":[156],"both":[162],"vertically":[163],"horizontally.":[165],"The":[166,208],"consistency":[167],"averaged":[170],"ARMOR3D":[179],"dataset":[180],"KE":[183],"OC":[185],"regions":[186],"underscores":[187],"robust":[189],"generalizability":[190],"indicating":[194],"model\u2019s":[196],"ability":[197,216],"infer":[199],"when":[203],"unavailable.":[207],"distinctive":[209],"advantage":[210],"offered":[211],"enhances":[214],"understand":[218],"dynamics,":[221],"overcoming":[222],"challenges":[223],"posed":[224],"limited":[227],"availability":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}