{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391953472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3368059","title":"MCDNet: An Infrared Small Target Detection Network Using Multi-Criteria Decision and Adaptive Labeling Strategy","display_name":"MCDNet: An Infrared Small Target Detection Network Using Multi-Criteria Decision and Adaptive Labeling Strategy","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391953472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3368059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3368059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3368059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/352617","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088374868","display_name":"Tianlei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-8926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianlei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2414-8926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051621237","display_name":"Qi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-4650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-4650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101885804","display_name":"Zhen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-5606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7967-5606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100676081","display_name":"Jing Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-0223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0811-0223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078887035","display_name":"Jun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-712X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-712X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108145094","display_name":"Yu Dou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Dou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076237379","display_name":"Yanan Ku","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanan Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2890-3389","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010989487","display_name":"Ahmad Usman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2136-4220"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Agricultural Power Equipment, Luoyang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083630052","display_name":"Liangqiong Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-7852"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liangqiong Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science and the Institute of Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-7852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science and the Institute of Data Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8585,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96763414,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6339114308357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.5159345269203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.409860759973526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.40490585565567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.11337888240814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.08699899911880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08628448843955994}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6339114308357239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.5159345269203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.409860759973526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.40490585565567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.11337888240814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.08699899911880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08628448843955994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3368059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3368059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/352617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/352617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/352617","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/352617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7388811234","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62373330","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2116618478","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2499656830","https://openalex.org/W2537662059","https://openalex.org/W2769291631","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2907085048","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963070423","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3039072276","https://openalex.org/W3048249257","https://openalex.org/W3087883562","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3112389165","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3125738281","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3184207190","https://openalex.org/W3184439416","https://openalex.org/W3207628311","https://openalex.org/W4206367471","https://openalex.org/W4206913762","https://openalex.org/W4220966157","https://openalex.org/W4283690475","https://openalex.org/W4285799044","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4302603755","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4366668641","https://openalex.org/W4380902443","https://openalex.org/W4381415904","https://openalex.org/W4382401167","https://openalex.org/W4386634626","https://openalex.org/W6745637532","https://openalex.org/W6746608116","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6798838024"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,223],"success":[1],"of":[2,11,18,26,38,45,55,106,131,183,197,210,220],"deep":[3],"learning":[4],"methods":[5],"heavily":[6],"relies":[7],"on":[8,180],"the":[9,16,24,36,39,43,75,91,104,119,123,127,161,165,181,188,195,199,203,208,216,221],"availability":[10],"adequate":[12],"samples.":[13],"However,":[14],"in":[15,122,187],"task":[17],"infrared":[19,166],"small":[20,167],"target":[21,144,168],"detection":[22,53,88,140],"(ISTD),":[23],"lack":[25],"high-quality":[27],"training":[28,132],"samples":[29],"is":[30],"a":[31,97,154,211,231],"challenging":[32],"problem":[33],"due":[34],"to":[35,51,80,102,117,235],"confidentiality":[37],"application":[40],"field":[41],"and":[42,70,85,125,129,138,164,175,202,214,218],"difficulty":[44],"labeling.":[46],"This":[47,191],"limitation":[48],"often":[49],"leads":[50],"suboptimal":[52],"performance":[54],"convolutional":[56],"neural":[57],"networks":[58],"(CNNs).":[59],"To":[60,135],"address":[61],"this":[62],"challenge,":[63],"we":[64,95,113,147,152],"propose":[65,96,153],"an":[66,71],"adaptive":[67,92],"labeling":[68,84,93],"strategy":[69],"ISTD":[72],"network":[73,78],"called":[74],"multi-criteria":[76,155],"decision":[77,156,177,185],"(MCDNet)":[79],"achieve":[81],"higher-quality":[82],"sample":[83],"more":[86],"accurate":[87,137],"results.":[89],"In":[90,111,150],"strategy,":[94],"second-order":[98],"differential":[99],"autocorrelation":[100],"method":[101,157,192,229],"determine":[103],"size":[105],"fuzzy":[107],"edge":[108],"targets":[109],"accurately.":[110],"addition,":[112],"introduce":[114],"local":[115],"backgrounds":[116],"enhance":[118],"saliency":[120,170,205],"information":[121],"labels":[124],"improve":[126,215],"richness":[128],"contrast":[130],"label":[133],"content.":[134],"obtain":[136],"robust":[139],"results":[141,225],"with":[142],"limited":[143],"feature":[145],"information,":[146],"design":[148],"MCDNet.":[149],"particular,":[151],"that":[158,227],"can":[159,193],"combine":[160],"CNN":[162,200],"decisions":[163,171,201],"prior":[169,204],"through":[172],"weighted":[173],"fusion,":[174],"set":[176],"weights":[178],"based":[179],"importance":[182],"different":[184],"criteria":[186],"decision-making":[189],"process.":[190],"integrate":[194],"advantages":[196],"both":[198],"decisions,":[206],"avoid":[207],"one-sidedness":[209],"single":[212],"criterion,":[213],"reliability":[217],"stability":[219],"decision-making.":[222],"experimental":[224],"indicate":[226],"our":[228],"has":[230],"higher":[232],"accuracy":[233],"compared":[234],"other":[236],"contrastive":[237],"methods.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
