{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391741690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","title":"Rover-Mounted Radar Observation of Discrete Layers Within the Top 4 Meters of Regolith at the Chang\u2019E-3 Landing Site, the Moon","display_name":"Rover-Mounted Radar Observation of Discrete Layers Within the Top 4 Meters of Regolith at the Chang\u2019E-3 Landing Site, the Moon","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391741690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059668854","display_name":"Chunyu Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-6245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunyu Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082647576","display_name":"Yiren Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7601-6207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21945476","display_name":"Shanghai Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cxqmw89","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21945476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiren Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Key Laboratory for Astrophysics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for Astrophysics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21945476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078421497","display_name":"Yan Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7946-2333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164580","display_name":"National Astronomical Observatories","ror":"https://ror.org/058pyyv44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210164580"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Chinese Academy of Sciences and School of Astronomy and Space Science, Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164580","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences and School of Astronomy and Space Science, Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164580","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388776","display_name":"Jia-Wei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-974X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076633118","display_name":"Minggang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7397-201X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38706770","display_name":"Guilin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03z391397","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minggang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Electronic Information Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38706770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059668854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6473,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92272025,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10017","display_name":"Geology and Paleoclimatology Research","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regolith","display_name":"Regolith","score":0.9139177203178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moon-landing","display_name":"Moon landing","score":0.6607027649879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6527208089828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.6502040028572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6487010717391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology","display_name":"Astrobiology","score":0.5236225724220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-based-radar","display_name":"Space-based radar","score":0.43116849660873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.39286354184150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.28250056505203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.28080064058303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-engineering-details","display_name":"Radar engineering details","score":0.21673369407653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13022315502166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10798946022987366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41642174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106551","display_name":"Regolith","level":2,"score":0.9139177203178406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152067771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q495307","display_name":"Moon landing","level":3,"score":0.6607027649879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6527208089828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.6502040028572083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6487010717391968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.5236225724220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36067731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7572176","display_name":"Space-based radar","level":5,"score":0.43116849660873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.39286354184150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.28250056505203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.28080064058303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.21673369407653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13022315502166748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10798946022987366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779821442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41633","display_name":"Apollo","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3365130","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2821372665","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12203036","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2841714454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62227901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3118353244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"LDSE202005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","funder_display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5213838840","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42004099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G92077017","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42241139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W208700004","https://openalex.org/W790259222","https://openalex.org/W1519677864","https://openalex.org/W1631171916","https://openalex.org/W1980680956","https://openalex.org/W1980748255","https://openalex.org/W1986276501","https://openalex.org/W1997021875","https://openalex.org/W1999476112","https://openalex.org/W2000104599","https://openalex.org/W2000810523","https://openalex.org/W2002270088","https://openalex.org/W2025416506","https://openalex.org/W2028775477","https://openalex.org/W2034477916","https://openalex.org/W2049171536","https://openalex.org/W2064360132","https://openalex.org/W2065533222","https://openalex.org/W2084266248","https://openalex.org/W2096681795","https://openalex.org/W2120870736","https://openalex.org/W2121164544","https://openalex.org/W2127165009","https://openalex.org/W2129023561","https://openalex.org/W2135516575","https://openalex.org/W2140434736","https://openalex.org/W2156912897","https://openalex.org/W2165894314","https://openalex.org/W2184982516","https://openalex.org/W2219812771","https://openalex.org/W2260660010","https://openalex.org/W2478476349","https://openalex.org/W2550514067","https://openalex.org/W2560304941","https://openalex.org/W2611376621","https://openalex.org/W2619910315","https://openalex.org/W2724966866","https://openalex.org/W2800100242","https://openalex.org/W2808447633","https://openalex.org/W2901161323","https://openalex.org/W3007170360","https://openalex.org/W3031001141","https://openalex.org/W3040778043","https://openalex.org/W3046189405","https://openalex.org/W3117131327","https://openalex.org/W3119044525","https://openalex.org/W3165322232","https://openalex.org/W3205161018","https://openalex.org/W4280645651","https://openalex.org/W4306673886","https://openalex.org/W4323519407","https://openalex.org/W4353083509","https://openalex.org/W4381734609","https://openalex.org/W6636912274","https://openalex.org/W6637055463","https://openalex.org/W6675307024","https://openalex.org/W6771654154","https://openalex.org/W6797742311","https://openalex.org/W6802445410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368710213","https://openalex.org/W4385839086","https://openalex.org/W4308169262","https://openalex.org/W848284659","https://openalex.org/W2698770155","https://openalex.org/W4366607283","https://openalex.org/W2980999396","https://openalex.org/W2133868929","https://openalex.org/W1560543713","https://openalex.org/W2149821310"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"radar":[1,16,61,81,94],"equipment":[2],"carried":[3],"by":[4,84],"the":[5,10,20,33,37,44,51,56,64,75,80,92,103,110,116,120,125,134,137,142,147,153,167,170,178,183,193,201],"Chang\u2019E-3":[6],"(CE-3)":[7],"mission":[8],"marked":[9],"first":[11],"deployment":[12],"of":[13,36,46,55,74,105,119,127,136,146,155,158,169,173,186,195],"rover-mounted":[14],"ground-penetrating":[15],"(GPR)":[17],"to":[18,78,100,192],"observe":[19],"lunar":[21,38,57,76,111,179,197],"surface.":[22,203],"This":[23,40],"provided":[24],"an":[25],"unparalleled":[26],"opportunity":[27],"for":[28],"a":[29],"high-resolution":[30],"investigation":[31],"into":[32,114],"fine":[34],"structure":[35],"regolith.":[39,112],"paper":[41],"has":[42],"revealed":[43],"presence":[45],"multiple":[47,106,138,156,174],"discrete":[48,107,139,175],"layers":[49,108,140,176],"within":[50,109,141,177],"top":[52,143],"4":[53,144],"meters":[54,145],"regolith":[58,77,180,198],"using":[59],"high-frequency":[60],"data":[62,95,99],"from":[63,160,188],"CE-3":[65,121,148],"Yutu":[66],"rover.":[67],"Subsequently,":[68],"we":[69,90,131],"have":[70],"established":[71],"realistic":[72],"models":[73],"obtain":[79],"simulation":[82],"calculated":[83],"Finite-difference":[85],"time-domain":[86],"(FDTD)":[87],"technology.":[88],"Thus,":[89],"compare":[91],"simulated":[93],"with":[96],"actual":[97],"observational":[98],"comprehensively":[101],"confirm":[102],"existence":[104,172],"Taking":[113],"consideration":[115],"geological":[117],"context":[118],"landing":[122,149],"site":[123,150],"and":[124,181],"principles":[126],"impact":[128,190],"crater":[129],"formation,":[130],"infer":[132],"that":[133],"origin":[135],"is":[151],"likely":[152],"by-product":[154],"depositions":[157],"ejecta":[159,187],"nearby":[161],"small":[162,189],"craters.":[163],"Our":[164],"findings":[165],"suggest":[166],"possibility":[168],"widespread":[171],"emphasize":[182],"significant":[184],"contribution":[185],"craters":[191],"accumulation":[194],"local":[196],"thickness":[199],"on":[200],"Moon\u2019s":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}