{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391547824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3362334","title":"EMI-Net: An End-to-End Mechanism-Driven Interpretable Network for SAR Target Recognition Under EOCs","display_name":"EMI-Net: An End-to-End Mechanism-Driven Interpretable Network for SAR Target Recognition Under EOCs","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391547824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3362334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3362334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3362334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049093143","display_name":"Leiyao Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-0062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leiyao Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8132-0062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100716826","display_name":"Lan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-0022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4503-0022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100762328","display_name":"Jian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-6122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1484-6122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071548093","display_name":"Zhuowei Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuowei Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104239522","display_name":"Ke\u2019er Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke\u2019er Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.6211,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99392044,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7371904850006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emi","display_name":"EMI","score":0.7024513483047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-target-recognition","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","score":0.6310890913009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6276227235794067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.608535885810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.607556939125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5104798078536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5000064373016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-interference","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","score":0.4314597249031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4178188443183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14727947115898132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7371904850006104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43461449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2495531","display_name":"EMI","level":3,"score":0.7024513483047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.6310890913009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6276227235794067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.608535885810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.607556939125061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5104798078536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5000064373016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184892835","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474513","display_name":"Electromagnetic interference","level":2,"score":0.4314597249031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4178188443183899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14727947115898132}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3362334","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3362334","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2799060227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201433","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4987181584","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5123939413","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX23067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5631434781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B18039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1973066300","https://openalex.org/W1998943499","https://openalex.org/W2075308157","https://openalex.org/W2082029531","https://openalex.org/W2100556411","https://openalex.org/W2124014399","https://openalex.org/W2124648367","https://openalex.org/W2127271355","https://openalex.org/W2142532318","https://openalex.org/W2146224786","https://openalex.org/W2149918662","https://openalex.org/W2156893865","https://openalex.org/W2158672843","https://openalex.org/W2160547390","https://openalex.org/W2161035945","https://openalex.org/W2164403164","https://openalex.org/W2191998694","https://openalex.org/W2292481059","https://openalex.org/W2348120822","https://openalex.org/W2358096008","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2517475170","https://openalex.org/W2520537062","https://openalex.org/W2521772843","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2523772278","https://openalex.org/W2544339223","https://openalex.org/W2570539041","https://openalex.org/W2597000936","https://openalex.org/W2783573226","https://openalex.org/W2790279720","https://openalex.org/W2798559986","https://openalex.org/W2810694441","https://openalex.org/W2889149612","https://openalex.org/W2914367944","https://openalex.org/W2963081547","https://openalex.org/W2998391154","https://openalex.org/W3018622322","https://openalex.org/W3038113894","https://openalex.org/W3043885239","https://openalex.org/W3092021058","https://openalex.org/W3115447952","https://openalex.org/W3133902371","https://openalex.org/W3192142973","https://openalex.org/W3203687922","https://openalex.org/W3207346178","https://openalex.org/W3207407006","https://openalex.org/W4200495849","https://openalex.org/W4221160819","https://openalex.org/W4285288059","https://openalex.org/W4292230951","https://openalex.org/W4313524853","https://openalex.org/W4319068977","https://openalex.org/W4324290713","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6681136200","https://openalex.org/W6727249380","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6763422710","https://openalex.org/W6810249204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W76001227","https://openalex.org/W2349537384","https://openalex.org/W2041511579","https://openalex.org/W1986241886","https://openalex.org/W3120066331","https://openalex.org/W2549052135","https://openalex.org/W2018141764","https://openalex.org/W4385545073","https://openalex.org/W2005020230","https://openalex.org/W4391237117"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"existing":[1],"synthetic":[2],"aperture":[3],"radar":[4],"(SAR)":[5],"target":[6,51,66,218],"recognition":[7,52,67,93,219],"methods":[8],"based":[9,150,164],"on":[10,151,165,205],"deep":[11,110,128,153],"learning":[12,154],"are":[13,22,90],"of":[14,27,60,120,147],"black":[15],"boxes":[16],"structure":[17],"and":[18,65,82,104,117,145,175,190,217,223,228],"data-drive":[19],"networks,":[20,111],"which":[21],"faced":[23],"with":[24,80],"the":[25,38,58,74,85,152,166,182,206],"issue":[26],"severe":[28],"performance":[29],"degradation":[30],"under":[31,53,94,221],"extended":[32],"operating":[33],"conditions":[34],"(EOCs).":[35],"To":[36],"address":[37],"issue,":[39],"this":[40],"paper":[41],"proposes":[42],"an":[43,69,126],"end-to-end":[44,70],"mechanism-driven":[45],"interpretable":[46,127],"network":[47,130,195],"(EMI-Net)":[48],"for":[49,92,202],"SAR":[50,121,148],"EOCs.":[54,95],"The":[55],"EMI-Net":[56,124,157,180,211],"achieves":[57],"integration":[59],"scattering":[61,77,106,140,168,183,214],"center":[62,78,107,141,169,215],"feature":[63,115],"extraction":[64,216],"in":[68],"framework":[71],"to":[72,137,171,198],"avoid":[73],"mismatch":[75],"between":[76],"features":[79,142],"classifier":[81,197],"also":[83,224],"explore":[84,199],"representative":[86],"electromagnetic":[87],"characteristics":[88],"that":[89,131,210],"useful":[91],"In":[96,178],"EMI-Net,":[97],"by":[98,134],"unfolding":[99,129],"a":[100,192],"sparse":[101],"solving":[102],"algorithm":[103],"integrating":[105],"model":[108,113,170],"into":[109,161],"our":[112],"contains":[114],"encoding":[116],"decoding":[118],"procedures":[119],"images.":[122],"Thus,":[123],"is":[125,132],"driven":[133],"physical":[135],"mechanism":[136],"precisely":[138],"learn":[139],"reflecting":[143],"locations":[144],"amplitude":[146],"targets":[149],"mode.":[155],"Our":[156],"divides":[158],"input":[159],"images":[160],"multiple":[162],"patches":[163],"image-domain":[167],"reduce":[172],"its":[173],"computation":[174],"space":[176],"complexities.":[177],"addition,":[179],"treats":[181],"centers":[184],"as":[185,196],"discrete":[186],"three-dimensional":[187],"point":[188,193],"data":[189],"designs":[191],"cloud":[194],"permutation-invariant":[200],"representations":[201],"recognition.":[203],"Results":[204],"measured":[207],"dataset":[208],"validate":[209],"gains":[212],"superior":[213],"results":[220],"EOCs,":[222],"shows":[225],"high":[226],"time-efficiency":[227],"low":[229],"memory":[230],"requirement.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}