{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390604084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3350346","title":"Retrieving Global Ocean Subsurface Density by Combining Remote Sensing Observations and Multiscale Mixed Residual Transformer","display_name":"Retrieving Global Ocean Subsurface Density by Combining Remote Sensing Observations and Multiscale Mixed Residual Transformer","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390604084","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3350346"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3350346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3350346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102931860","display_name":"Hua Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-3926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hua Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072056757","display_name":"Junlong Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4138-1144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junlong Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103555311","display_name":"Zhiwei Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiwei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001851867","display_name":"Zhanchao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5522-283X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhanchao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Information Sharing of Ministry of Education, The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Satellite Geospatial Information Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051651640","display_name":"Xiao\u2010Hai Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6578-6970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117728","display_name":"Center For Remote Sensing (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/021wvg932","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117728"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Hai Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Remote Sensing, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Remote Sensing, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117728","https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102931860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6927,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97240929,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10032","display_name":"Marine and coastal ecosystems","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.9639000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.7421432733535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5801404118537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5673305988311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-coefficient","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","score":0.5364767909049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-correlation","display_name":"Spatial correlation","score":0.48162978887557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4364303946495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.420170396566391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39135777950286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3882431089878082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3704041838645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27926573157310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2667365074157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.21878641843795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1584291160106659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11271229386329651}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.7421432733535767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5801404118537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5673305988311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780092901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433612","display_name":"Correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5364767909049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150060386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574054","display_name":"Spatial correlation","level":2,"score":0.48162978887557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4364303946495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.420170396566391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39135777950286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3882431089878082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3704041838645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27926573157310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2667365074157715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.21878641843795776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1584291160106659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11271229386329651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2024.3350346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3350346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1309179791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41971384","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G863468097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021J06014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972326664","https://openalex.org/W2008170877","https://openalex.org/W2015475507","https://openalex.org/W2048783185","https://openalex.org/W2073297241","https://openalex.org/W2090183955","https://openalex.org/W2166242063","https://openalex.org/W2167581319","https://openalex.org/W2170947778","https://openalex.org/W2275025710","https://openalex.org/W2276822962","https://openalex.org/W2552287236","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2563790898","https://openalex.org/W2587428704","https://openalex.org/W2781567654","https://openalex.org/W2894561647","https://openalex.org/W2899739325","https://openalex.org/W2946309465","https://openalex.org/W2948417456","https://openalex.org/W2982650287","https://openalex.org/W2999987522","https://openalex.org/W3038020296","https://openalex.org/W3042261241","https://openalex.org/W3091413558","https://openalex.org/W3096036820","https://openalex.org/W3102551539","https://openalex.org/W3136539577","https://openalex.org/W3137413464","https://openalex.org/W3138111520","https://openalex.org/W3142781735","https://openalex.org/W3158655122","https://openalex.org/W3170841864","https://openalex.org/W3175350465","https://openalex.org/W3183146101","https://openalex.org/W3193766602","https://openalex.org/W3201062030","https://openalex.org/W3205818435","https://openalex.org/W3209859545","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W3217607517","https://openalex.org/W4205138939","https://openalex.org/W4223917971","https://openalex.org/W4226512186","https://openalex.org/W4283818963","https://openalex.org/W4292348148","https://openalex.org/W4295942003","https://openalex.org/W4309191747","https://openalex.org/W4313201625","https://openalex.org/W4313318707","https://openalex.org/W4321078908","https://openalex.org/W4376619463","https://openalex.org/W4387740231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560215812","https://openalex.org/W2949601986","https://openalex.org/W2788972299","https://openalex.org/W2521347458","https://openalex.org/W2498789492","https://openalex.org/W2729981612","https://openalex.org/W2102148524","https://openalex.org/W4382982879","https://openalex.org/W4311044000","https://openalex.org/W1991519382"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Subsurface":[0],"density":[1],"(SD)":[2],"is":[3,34],"a":[4,10,51,66,216,225],"crucial":[5],"dynamic":[6,38,101],"environment":[7],"parameter":[8],"reflecting":[9],"3-D":[11],"ocean":[12,28,42,207],"process":[13],"and":[14,23,60,91,97,120,146,174,196,201,245],"stratification,":[15],"with":[16,87,140,159],"significant":[17,237],"implications":[18],"for":[19,36,78,125,185,228,240],"the":[20,27,41,56,79,82,94,104,106,114,141,156,194],"physical,":[21],"chemical,":[22],"biological":[24],"processes":[25,39,90,102],"of":[26,55,58,81,100,117,172,182,247],"environment.":[29],"Thus,":[30],"accurate":[31,47],"SD":[32,48,208,231],"retrieval":[33,49],"essential":[35],"studying":[37],"in":[40,53,85,127],"interior.":[43],"However,":[44],"complete":[45],"spatiotemporally":[46],"remains":[50],"challenge":[52],"terms":[54],"equation":[57],"state":[59],"physical":[61],"methods.":[62,151],"This":[63],"study":[64],"proposes":[65],"novel":[67],"multiscale":[68,132],"mixed":[69,133],"residual":[70],"transformer":[71],"(MMRT)":[72],"neural":[73,148],"network":[74,149],"method":[75,227],"to":[76],"compensate":[77],"inadequacy":[80],"existing":[83,142],"methods":[84,198],"dealing":[86],"spatiotemporal":[88],"nonlinear":[89],"dependence.":[92],"Considering":[93],"spatial":[95,121,128],"correlation":[96,122],"temporal":[98,109],"dependence":[99,110],"within":[103],"ocean,":[105],"MMRT":[107,136,153,189,222],"addresses":[108],"by":[111,123],"fully":[112],"using":[113,232],"transformer\u2019s":[115],"processing":[116],"time-series":[118],"data":[119,212],"compensating":[124],"deficiencies":[126],"feature":[129],"information":[130],"through":[131],"residuals.":[134],"The":[135,152,188,221],"model":[137,154,190,223],"was":[138],"compared":[139],"random":[143],"forest":[144],"(RF)":[145],"recurrent":[147],"(RNN)":[150],"achieves":[155],"best":[157],"accuracy":[158],"an":[160,175],"average":[161,176],"determination":[162],"coefficient":[163],"(":[164],"<inline-formula":[165],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[166],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[167],"<tex-math":[168],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${R}^{2}$":[169],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[170],")":[171],"0.988":[173],"root":[177],"mean":[178],"square":[179],"error":[180],"(RMSE)":[181],"0.050":[183],"kg/m3":[184],"all":[186],"layers.":[187],"not":[191],"only":[192],"outperforms":[193],"RF":[195],"RNN":[197],"regarding":[199],"reliability":[200],"generalization":[202],"ability":[203],"when":[204],"estimating":[205,230],"global":[206],"from":[209],"remote":[210,242],"sensing":[211,243],"but":[213],"also":[214],"has":[215],"more":[217],"interpretable":[218],"encoding":[219],"process.":[220],"offers":[224],"new":[226],"directly":[229],"multisource":[233],"satellite":[234],"observations,":[235],"providing":[236],"technical":[238],"support":[239],"future":[241],"super-resolution":[244],"prediction":[246],"subsurface":[248],"parameters.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}