{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389169314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3338513","title":"Statistical Analysis of Global and Regional Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Using Extreme Value Distributions","display_name":"Statistical Analysis of Global and Regional Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Using Extreme Value Distributions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389169314","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3338513"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3338513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3338513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046446143","display_name":"Suneetha Emmela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4406-0215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suneetha Emmela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India","Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF deemed to be university, Guntur Dt, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4406-0215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF deemed to be university, Guntur Dt, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006912906","display_name":"D. Venkata Ratnam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-2117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I875944469","display_name":"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02k949197","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Venkata Ratnam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India","Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF deemed to be university, Guntur Dt, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2222-2117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF Deemed to be University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, KLEF deemed to be university, Guntur Dt, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I875944469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103187650","display_name":"Yuichi Otsuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3098-3859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Otsuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3098-3859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028584660","display_name":"Atsuki Shinbori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6018-7431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atsuki Shinbori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6018-7431","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079497136","display_name":"Takuya Sori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-4417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60134161","display_name":"Nagoya University","ror":"https://ror.org/04chrp450","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takuya Sori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6354-4417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60134161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091315263","display_name":"Michi Nishioka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-5933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michi Nishioka","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031814720","display_name":"Septi Perwitasari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5108-0077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90023481","display_name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016bgq349","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Septi Perwitasari","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90023481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58446293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12424","display_name":"Earthquake Detection and Analysis","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tec","display_name":"TEC","score":0.9512786865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-electron-content","display_name":"Total electron content","score":0.6643742322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6604388952255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-weather","display_name":"Space weather","score":0.6592517495155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-pareto-distribution","display_name":"Generalized Pareto distribution","score":0.6024120450019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionosphere","display_name":"Ionosphere","score":0.5791956186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5124785900115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.49096038937568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4878544807434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-value-theory","display_name":"Extreme value theory","score":0.47042012214660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-extreme-value-distribution","display_name":"Generalized extreme value distribution","score":0.42500850558280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.25439172983169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24337628483772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24308961629867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.17057085037231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16121289134025574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176379880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031939","display_name":"TEC","level":3,"score":0.9512786865234375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165391973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844304","display_name":"Total electron content","level":4,"score":0.6643742322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6604388952255249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151325931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q584093","display_name":"Space weather","level":2,"score":0.6592517495155334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133514767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532448","display_name":"Generalized Pareto distribution","level":3,"score":0.6024120450019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116403925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162219","display_name":"Ionosphere","level":2,"score":0.5791956186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5124785900115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.49096038937568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4878544807434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147581598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729429","display_name":"Extreme value theory","level":2,"score":0.47042012214660645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169707849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617240","display_name":"Generalized extreme value distribution","level":3,"score":0.42500850558280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.25439172983169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24337628483772278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24308961629867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.17057085037231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16121289134025574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3338513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3338513","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1253256481","display_name":"Construction of a high temporal resolution geospace observation network using SuperDARN","funder_award_id":"23K22555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G748979059","display_name":"Study of latitudinal coupling of upper atmospheric variations based on multi-point ground network observations","funder_award_id":"21H04518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7897884986","display_name":"International study of equatorial ionosphere based on observations and models","funder_award_id":"20H00197","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500657154","https://openalex.org/W1529425827","https://openalex.org/W1595732180","https://openalex.org/W1825915314","https://openalex.org/W1889639194","https://openalex.org/W1892679310","https://openalex.org/W1963995057","https://openalex.org/W1966192886","https://openalex.org/W1989077551","https://openalex.org/W1993140116","https://openalex.org/W2000084261","https://openalex.org/W2006778869","https://openalex.org/W2019199024","https://openalex.org/W2036983007","https://openalex.org/W2049027998","https://openalex.org/W2058340121","https://openalex.org/W2059860908","https://openalex.org/W2068745730","https://openalex.org/W2104938891","https://openalex.org/W2109246257","https://openalex.org/W2122456939","https://openalex.org/W2270605334","https://openalex.org/W2433228024","https://openalex.org/W2472249329","https://openalex.org/W2792534869","https://openalex.org/W2884025804","https://openalex.org/W2884260443","https://openalex.org/W2912286772","https://openalex.org/W2979309376","https://openalex.org/W2990407215","https://openalex.org/W2996854819","https://openalex.org/W3022387298","https://openalex.org/W3036507049","https://openalex.org/W3121942315","https://openalex.org/W3153447606","https://openalex.org/W3165507178","https://openalex.org/W3174408235","https://openalex.org/W3216488161","https://openalex.org/W3216840622","https://openalex.org/W4213352419","https://openalex.org/W4236154753","https://openalex.org/W4301201397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3012062545","https://openalex.org/W4390484789","https://openalex.org/W2280162962","https://openalex.org/W2281447254","https://openalex.org/W2536398560","https://openalex.org/W4285619956","https://openalex.org/W2126967363","https://openalex.org/W4249679760","https://openalex.org/W2070556664","https://openalex.org/W2050546935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Satellite-based":[0],"radio":[1,12],"communication":[2],"and":[3,51,60,77,112,129,149,168,182,210,219,226,229,233,246],"navigation":[4,50,91],"systems":[5],"rely":[6],"mostly":[7],"on":[8],"transionospheric":[9],"propagation":[10],"of":[11,30,33,63,83,87,97,189,203],"signals":[13],"concerning":[14],"changes":[15],"by":[16,68],"total":[17],"electron":[18],"content":[19],"(TEC).":[20],"Therefore,":[21],"it":[22],"is":[23,106],"necessary":[24],"to":[25,132,187,199],"understand":[26],"the":[27,41,45,69,134,157],"changing":[28],"behavior":[29],"structural":[31],"variations":[32],"ionospheric":[34,136],"TEC":[35,67,95,137,208],"for":[36,49,58,66,108,116,213,249],"high-frequency":[37],"applications":[38],"besides":[39],"mitigating":[40],"risks":[42],"associated":[43],"with":[44,152],"space":[46,252],"weather":[47,253],"impacts":[48],"aviation":[52],"applications.":[53],"The":[54,206,237],"reference":[55],"thresholds":[56,212],"identified":[57],"moderate":[59,209],"severe":[61,211],"levels":[62],"threshold":[64],"activity":[65],"International":[70],"Civil":[71],"Aviation":[72],"Organization":[73],"(ICAO)":[74],"are":[75,177,222],"125":[76],"175":[78],"TECU,":[79,235],"respectively.":[80,236],"In":[81,156],"view":[82],"this,":[84],"statistical":[85],"analysis":[86,176,238],"long-term":[88],"ground-based":[89],"global":[90,130,220],"satellite":[92],"system":[93],"(GNSS)":[94,251],"data":[96],"25":[98],"years":[99,151],"(1997\u20132021)":[100],"using":[101,165,173],"extreme":[102,135,162,204],"value":[103,163],"theory":[104],"(EVT)":[105],"performed":[107],"both":[109,160],"magnetically":[110],"quiet":[111],"disturbed":[113],"day":[114],"conditions":[115],"four":[117],"different":[118],"regions":[119,131,221],"\u2013":[120],"India":[121],"(5-45\u00b0N),":[122],"Japan":[123,126,215,217],"low":[124],"(20-30\u00b0N),":[125],"mid-latitudes":[127],"(30\u201350\u00b0N),":[128],"identify":[133,200],"events":[138],"that":[139,193],"take":[140],"place":[141],"once":[142],"in":[143,185,242],"11,":[144],"22,":[145],"44,":[146],"66,":[147],"88,":[148],"110":[150],"95%":[153],"confidence":[154],"intervals.":[155],"present":[158],"work,":[159],"generalized":[161,169],"(GEV)":[164],"annual":[166],"maxima":[167],"Pareto":[170],"distribution":[171],"(GPD)":[172],"peak-over-threshold":[174],"(PoT)":[175],"performed.":[178],"A":[179],"likelihood":[180],"test":[181],"PoT":[183],"constraint":[184],"addition":[186],"adjustment":[188],"shape":[190],"parameter":[191],"illustrate":[192],"GPD":[194],"works":[195],"better":[196],"than":[197],"GEV":[198],"return":[201],"periods":[202],"events.":[205],"recommended":[207],"India,":[214],"low,":[216],"mid-latitude,":[218],"121,":[223],"101,":[224],"90,":[225],"139":[227],"TECU":[228],"131,":[230],"135,":[231],"98,":[232],"157":[234],"would":[239],"be":[240],"helpful":[241],"developing":[243],"risk":[244],"assessment":[245],"mitigation":[247],"strategies":[248],"critical":[250],"systems.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
