{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388820230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","title":"Ice-Core Micro-CT Image Segmentation With Deep Learning and Gaussian Mixture Model","display_name":"Ice-Core Micro-CT Image Segmentation With Deep Learning and Gaussian Mixture Model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388820230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/4358825/10323279.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/4358825/10323279.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084292110","display_name":"Faramarz Bagherzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-5640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faramarz Bagherzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-5640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056070224","display_name":"Johannes Freitag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-9440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Freitag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061113124","display_name":"Udo Frese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8325-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Udo Frese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germanya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germanya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076404482","display_name":"Frank Wilhelms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7688-3135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127251866","display_name":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127251866","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Wilhelms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127251866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3562,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88130844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6642436981201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6361908912658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5601034164428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.558661162853241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5550301671028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5148007273674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.508719265460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.47296422719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4644278287887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.45111775398254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-core","display_name":"Ice core","score":0.42583349347114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4093727469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3819613456726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11066043376922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.0991833508014679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0897437036037445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.08327022194862366}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6642436981201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6361908912658691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5601034164428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.558661162853241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5550301671028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5148007273674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.508719265460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.47296422719955444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4644278287887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.45111775398254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205325660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q258914","display_name":"Ice core","level":2,"score":0.42583349347114563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4093727469444275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3819613456726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11066043376922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0991833508014679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0897437036037445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.08327022194862366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/4358825/10323279.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/142007","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/142007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3334867","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/36/4358825/10323279.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4342814995","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HIDSS-0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321749","funder_display_name":"GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Ozeanforschung Kiel"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321749","display_name":"GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum f\u00fcr Ozeanforschung Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/02h2x0161"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321790","display_name":"Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research","ror":"https://ror.org/032e6b942"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388820230.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4388820230.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1553164414","https://openalex.org/W1579124951","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1964234210","https://openalex.org/W1965323884","https://openalex.org/W2003034503","https://openalex.org/W2007399800","https://openalex.org/W2042747978","https://openalex.org/W2086035756","https://openalex.org/W2114808114","https://openalex.org/W2119330302","https://openalex.org/W2125637308","https://openalex.org/W2143516773","https://openalex.org/W2158205071","https://openalex.org/W2161663128","https://openalex.org/W2298173519","https://openalex.org/W2339466673","https://openalex.org/W2349513256","https://openalex.org/W2558869526","https://openalex.org/W2892738250","https://openalex.org/W2900936384","https://openalex.org/W2936524769","https://openalex.org/W2945957599","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3005797958","https://openalex.org/W3041378136","https://openalex.org/W3044296211","https://openalex.org/W3088762838","https://openalex.org/W3093325100","https://openalex.org/W3121528525","https://openalex.org/W3133849582","https://openalex.org/W3155295129","https://openalex.org/W3176773678","https://openalex.org/W3206187295","https://openalex.org/W3209556830","https://openalex.org/W4205172069","https://openalex.org/W4211166356","https://openalex.org/W4229012497","https://openalex.org/W4282972322","https://openalex.org/W4285178246","https://openalex.org/W4298008687","https://openalex.org/W4304182677","https://openalex.org/W4312855991","https://openalex.org/W4317390633","https://openalex.org/W4319349935","https://openalex.org/W4362712224","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6845840526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953058328","https://openalex.org/W1542224353","https://openalex.org/W1661087619","https://openalex.org/W2116854923","https://openalex.org/W2750730210","https://openalex.org/W2236974868","https://openalex.org/W4312766348","https://openalex.org/W4233939244","https://openalex.org/W2786233476","https://openalex.org/W2118381968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ice":[0],"cores":[1],"of":[2,9,25,41,60,68,89,118,132,138,146,162,175],"polar":[3],"regions":[4],"(ice":[5],"sheets)":[6],"are":[7,164],"one":[8],"the":[10,22,38,58,87,136,144,159,167,176],"most":[11],"prominent":[12],"natural":[13],"archives":[14],"that":[15],"can":[16,53],"reveal":[17],"essential":[18],"historical":[19],"information":[20,56],"from":[21],"past":[23],"environment":[24],"our":[26],"planet.":[27],"The":[28],"ice":[29,42],"core":[30],"microstructure":[31,59],"is":[32,75,104],"a":[33,64,77,82,93,111,149],"key":[34],"feature":[35],"in":[36,130],"determining":[37],"principal":[39],"properties":[40],"such":[43],"as":[44,106],"pore":[45],"close-off,":[46],"albedo,":[47],"and":[48,140,155,171],"melt":[49],"events.":[50],"Micro-CT":[51],"scans":[52],"provide":[54],"valuable":[55],"about":[57],"materials,":[61,70],"although":[62],"achieving":[63],"high-quality":[65],"automated":[66],"segmentation":[67,88,95,117,128,160],"porous":[69,90],"especially":[71],"with":[72,148],"phase/density":[73],"changes":[74],"still":[76],"challenge.":[78],"This":[79,123],"work":[80],"proposes":[81],"new":[83],"method":[84],"for":[85,116],"improving":[86],"microstructures":[91],"where":[92],"weak":[94],"(Gaussian":[96],"Mixture":[97],"Model)":[98],"on":[99],"high-resolution":[100],"(30":[101],"\u03bcm)":[102,121],"data":[103],"used":[105],"ground":[107],"truth":[108],"to":[109,153,166],"train":[110],"deep":[112],"learning":[113],"model":[114],"(U-net)":[115],"low-resolution":[119],"(60":[120],"data.":[122],"approach":[124],"has":[125],"reached":[126],"high":[127],"accuracy":[129],"terms":[131],"quantitative":[133],"metrics":[134],"having":[135],"F1-score":[137],"92.5%":[139],"an":[141],"intersection":[142],"over":[143],"union":[145],"91%,":[147],"considerable":[150],"improvement":[151],"compared":[152],"thresholding":[154],"unsupervised":[156],"methods.":[157],"Also,":[158],"results":[161],"U-net":[163],"closer":[165],"real":[168],"weight,":[169],"density,":[170],"specific":[172],"surface":[173],"area":[174],"specimen.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}