{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388624495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3332137","title":"HDSS-Net: A Novel Hierarchically Designed Network With Spherical Space Classifier for Ship Recognition in SAR Images","display_name":"HDSS-Net: A Novel Hierarchically Designed Network With Spherical Space Classifier for Ship Recognition in SAR Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388624495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3332137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3332137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3332137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087932144","display_name":"Yuanzhe Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-9517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhe Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100782023","display_name":"Wei Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-3082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077752163","display_name":"Congwen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3374-7325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congwen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103236374","display_name":"Danling Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2614-966X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danling Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031785449","display_name":"Xiaowo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9977-613X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaowo Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101266515","display_name":"Chenwei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027924825","display_name":"Yulin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-9323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343725","display_name":"Yin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6761-2269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030746978","display_name":"Junjie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-2398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660972","display_name":"Jianyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114037110","display_name":"Jianqi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianqi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087932144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.1745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98895622,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6768571138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6082607507705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5652614831924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.5366430282592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5116029381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.4780055582523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4751424789428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4370650053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.23679861426353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11515825986862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.06243497133255005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6768571138381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6082607507705688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5652614831924438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5366430282592773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5116029381752014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.4780055582523346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4751424789428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4370650053024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.23679861426353455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11515825986862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.06243497133255005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3332137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3332137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3160639225","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3873326007","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61901090","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48825614","https://openalex.org/W570692787","https://openalex.org/W1594816962","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2015250851","https://openalex.org/W2037437396","https://openalex.org/W2053913485","https://openalex.org/W2081997858","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2103956693","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2114450360","https://openalex.org/W2146204524","https://openalex.org/W2152573247","https://openalex.org/W2153094283","https://openalex.org/W2156978438","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2520774990","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2565639579","https://openalex.org/W2609575245","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2762294195","https://openalex.org/W2891315279","https://openalex.org/W2899663614","https://openalex.org/W2909500413","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963466847","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2981609437","https://openalex.org/W2982083293","https://openalex.org/W3009883635","https://openalex.org/W3012162230","https://openalex.org/W3025059568","https://openalex.org/W3034738317","https://openalex.org/W3044749031","https://openalex.org/W3056736931","https://openalex.org/W3101227480","https://openalex.org/W3126889605","https://openalex.org/W3136239039","https://openalex.org/W3148432746","https://openalex.org/W3169512507","https://openalex.org/W3170950191","https://openalex.org/W3205156060","https://openalex.org/W3215715933","https://openalex.org/W4207055281","https://openalex.org/W4225590475","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6674914833","https://openalex.org/W6681239517","https://openalex.org/W6695314431","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6751693566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912321008","https://openalex.org/W1998607122","https://openalex.org/W2324368075","https://openalex.org/W2972124131","https://openalex.org/W338149487","https://openalex.org/W4403012196","https://openalex.org/W2972032537","https://openalex.org/W150363521","https://openalex.org/W3154107650","https://openalex.org/W4252699458"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ship":[0],"recognition":[1,46,148,248],"in":[2,13,28,54,96,119],"synthetic":[3],"aperture":[4],"radar":[5],"(SAR)":[6],"images":[7],"is":[8,85,93,158,178,199],"essential":[9],"for":[10,160],"many":[11],"applications":[12],"maritime":[14],"surveillance":[15],"tasks.":[16],"Recently,":[17],"convolutional":[18],"neural":[19],"network":[20,131],"(CNN)-based":[21],"methods":[22,243],"tend":[23],"to":[24,59,111,138,144,180,185,201],"be":[25],"the":[26,88,140,187,203,208,217,235],"mainstream":[27],"SAR":[29,72,99,120,146,246],"recognition.":[30],"Though":[31],"considerable":[32],"developments":[33],"have":[34,50],"been":[35],"achieved,":[36],"there":[37],"are":[38,108],"still":[39],"several":[40],"challenging":[41],"issues":[42],"toward":[43],"superior":[44],"ship":[45,147,247],"performance:":[47],"1)":[48],"Ships":[49],"a":[51,64,127,133,153,162,174,193],"large":[52,74,150],"variance":[53],"size,":[55],"making":[56],"it":[57],"difficult":[58],"recognize":[60],"ships":[61],"by":[62,87,190,212],"using":[63],"single":[65],"scale":[66],"features":[67,188],"of":[68,216,219],"CNN.":[69],"2)":[70],"The":[71,222],"ship\u2019s":[73],"aspect":[75],"ratio":[76],"presents":[77],"an":[78],"obvious":[79],"geometric":[80],"characteristic.":[81],"However,":[82],"standard":[83],"convolution":[84,90],"limited":[86],"fixed":[89],"kernel,":[91],"which":[92],"less":[94,109],"effective":[95],"processing":[97],"elongated":[98],"ships.":[100,121],"3)":[101],"Existing":[102],"CNN":[103,242,249],"classifiers":[104],"with":[105,113,132,149],"softmax":[106],"loss":[107],"powerful":[110],"deal":[112],"intraclass":[114,209],"diversity":[115],"and":[116,206,230,244],"interclass":[117,204],"similarity":[118],"In":[122],"this":[123],"paper,":[124],"we":[125],"propose":[126],"task-specific":[128],"hierarchically":[129],"designed":[130,159],"spherical":[134,195,220],"space":[135,196],"classifier":[136,197],"(HDSS-Net)":[137],"alleviate":[139],"above":[141],"issues.":[142],"Firstly,":[143],"realize":[145],"size":[151],"variation,":[152],"feature":[154,163,210],"aggregation":[155],"module":[156,176],"(FAM)":[157],"obtaining":[161],"pyramid":[164],"that":[165,234],"has":[166],"strong":[167],"representational":[168],"power":[169],"at":[170],"all":[171],"scales.":[172],"Secondly,":[173],"FeatureBoost":[175],"(FBM)":[177],"devised":[179],"provide":[181],"rectangular":[182],"receptive":[183],"fields":[184],"refine":[186],"generated":[189],"FAM.":[191],"Finally,":[192],"novel":[194,245],"(SSC)":[198],"proposed":[200,236],"expand":[202],"margin":[205],"compress":[207],"distribution":[211],"fully":[213],"taking":[214],"advantage":[215],"property":[218],"space.":[221],"experimental":[223],"results":[224],"on":[225],"two":[226],"benchmark":[227],"datasets":[228],"(OpenSARShip":[229],"FUSAR-Ship)":[231],"jointly":[232],"show":[233],"HDSS-Net":[237],"performs":[238],"better":[239],"than":[240],"classic":[241],"methods.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
