{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387490543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3323517","title":"High-Throughput Hyperparameter-Free Sparse Source Location for Massive TDM-MIMO Radar: Algorithm and FPGA Implementation","display_name":"High-Throughput Hyperparameter-Free Sparse Source Location for Massive TDM-MIMO Radar: Algorithm and FPGA Implementation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387490543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3323517"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3323517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3323517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100736674","display_name":"Yongchao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-6156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongchao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","Yangtze Delta Region Institute of UESTC, Quzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-6156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute of UESTC, Quzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027924825","display_name":"Yulin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-9323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yulin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","Yangtze Delta Region Institute of UESTC, Quzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3930-9323","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute of UESTC, Quzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101846754","display_name":"Yongwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-1501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041148838","display_name":"Shuaidi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaidi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040063060","display_name":"Jiawei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3644-7168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063957037","display_name":"Xiaokun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1577-6261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaokun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660972","display_name":"Jianyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-8384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037213595","display_name":"Andreas Jakobsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-6973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Jakobsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2156-6973","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3794,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98080039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7846639156341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7391996383666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5604981780052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.504407525062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.47090959548950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.4383730888366699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.4275318682193756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4188547730445862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3801846206188202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3611675798892975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3257312476634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.27016592025756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1754014790058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16931384801864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1062612235546112}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7846639156341553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7391996383666992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5604981780052185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.504407525062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.47090959548950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.4383730888366699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.4275318682193756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4188547730445862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3801846206188202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3611675798892975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3257312476634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.27016592025756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1754014790058136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16931384801864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1062612235546112}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3323517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3323517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:a598e7f9-8820-4397-a58a-bf13939d66b8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/a598e7f9-8820-4397-a58a-bf13939d66b8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 0196-2892","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6506432511","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022NSFSC0950","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329861","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979905895","https://openalex.org/W1981550505","https://openalex.org/W1986195997","https://openalex.org/W1993545128","https://openalex.org/W1999635939","https://openalex.org/W2011046740","https://openalex.org/W2017107531","https://openalex.org/W2029108056","https://openalex.org/W2061591806","https://openalex.org/W2112258609","https://openalex.org/W2112855412","https://openalex.org/W2115141757","https://openalex.org/W2115671189","https://openalex.org/W2122315118","https://openalex.org/W2134261098","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2145841867","https://openalex.org/W2148744371","https://openalex.org/W2150053932","https://openalex.org/W2153567056","https://openalex.org/W2157871825","https://openalex.org/W2169652966","https://openalex.org/W2204310803","https://openalex.org/W2399225167","https://openalex.org/W2540247209","https://openalex.org/W2550827280","https://openalex.org/W2557924664","https://openalex.org/W2592680288","https://openalex.org/W2599102948","https://openalex.org/W2754841153","https://openalex.org/W2789483296","https://openalex.org/W2799404745","https://openalex.org/W2803285976","https://openalex.org/W2962776410","https://openalex.org/W2962780877","https://openalex.org/W2972356219","https://openalex.org/W2973140465","https://openalex.org/W2973146207","https://openalex.org/W2978523486","https://openalex.org/W3030720237","https://openalex.org/W3041619073","https://openalex.org/W3080716055","https://openalex.org/W3104742473","https://openalex.org/W3130052005","https://openalex.org/W3131039502","https://openalex.org/W3134012069","https://openalex.org/W3152116210","https://openalex.org/W3152733715","https://openalex.org/W4243330440","https://openalex.org/W4294310981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W2316202402","https://openalex.org/W2074043759","https://openalex.org/W2082487009","https://openalex.org/W4224872188","https://openalex.org/W4285223123","https://openalex.org/W4386970495"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,99],"sparse":[1,11],"iterative":[2],"covariance":[3],"estimation":[4],"(SPICE)":[5],"algorithm":[6],"is":[7],"promising":[8],"for":[9,14,81,87,116,125,146],"hyperparameter-free":[10],"source":[12],"location":[13,85],"time-division-multiplexing":[15],"multiple-input":[16],"multiple-output":[17],"(TDM-MIMO)":[18],"radar":[19,174],"systems,":[20],"with":[21,62,159,176],"well-documented":[22],"merits":[23],"in":[24,58,97,202],"resolution":[25],"enhancement":[26],"and":[27,54,180],"sidelobe":[28],"suppression.":[29],"Regrettably,":[30],"the":[31,48,84,105,109,123,131,147,164,186],"method":[32,52,101,149],"typically":[33],"requires":[34],"a":[35,75,117,143,151,171],"large":[36],"number":[37],"of":[38,189],"iterations":[39],"to":[40,56,68],"converge,":[41],"each":[42,88],"requiring":[43],"high-dimensional":[44,126],"matrix":[45,127],"operations,":[46,128],"rendering":[47],"existing":[49],"batch":[50,110],"SPICE":[51,78,111],"impractical":[53],"expensive":[55],"implement":[57],"hardware":[59,133],"when":[60],"dealing":[61],"massive":[63],"TDM-MIMO":[64],"observations.":[65],"In":[66,157],"order":[67],"enable":[69],"real-time":[70],"processing,":[71,121],"this":[72],"paper":[73],"presents":[74],"sub-aperture-recursive":[76],"(SAR)":[77],"method,":[79,112],"allowing":[80],"recursively":[82],"refining":[83],"parameters":[86],"received":[89],"(RX)":[90],"block":[91],"observation":[92],"that":[93,185],"becomes":[94],"available":[95],"sequentially":[96],"time.":[98,139],"proposed":[100],"not":[102],"only":[103],"offers":[104],"same":[106],"benefits":[107],"as":[108,135,137],"but":[113],"also":[114],"allows":[115],"computationally":[118],"efficient":[119],"online":[120],"without":[122],"need":[124],"notably":[129],"reducing":[130],"required":[132],"resources":[134],"well":[136],"processing":[138],"We":[140],"further":[141],"present":[142],"high-throughput":[144],"architecture":[145],"resulting":[148],"on":[150,194],"XCZU15EG-FFVB1156":[152],"field-programmable":[153],"gate":[154],"array":[155],"(FPGA).":[156],"combination":[158],"simulation":[160],"results,":[161],"we":[162],"demonstrate":[163],"effectiveness":[165],"through":[166],"experimental":[167],"data":[168],"measured":[169],"by":[170],"cascaded":[172],"MIMO":[173],"system":[175],"12":[177,204],"transmit":[178],"(Tx)":[179],"16":[181],"Rx":[182],"antennas,":[183],"demonstrating":[184],"computational":[187],"time":[188],"resolving":[190],"closely":[191],"spaced":[192],"sources":[193],"256":[195],"predefined":[196],"grid":[197],"points":[198],"can":[199],"be":[200],"processed":[201],"merely":[203],"ms.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}