{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387350548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3321723","title":"Infrared Small UAV Target Detection via Isolation Forest","display_name":"Infrared Small UAV Target Detection via Isolation Forest","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387350548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3321723"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3321723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3321723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008588707","display_name":"Mingjing Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0576-2437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingjing Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100317994","display_name":"Wei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386304","display_name":"Lu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-0565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78675632","display_name":"Beijing Information Science & Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xnqep60","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78675632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100759967","display_name":"Ao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5045-7357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108607095","display_name":"Jin Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067803447","display_name":"Ran Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5243-7189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics and the Beijing Key Laboratory of Fractional Signals and Systems, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008588707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.3745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9813071,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11856","display_name":"Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.760619044303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.6530776023864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.533573567867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4882095158100128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4726599454879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.4628237187862396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4398632049560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone","display_name":"Drone","score":0.4395258128643036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.43727195262908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared","display_name":"Infrared","score":0.4103466272354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.15436503291130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13091757893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11140745878219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0841967761516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08372378349304199}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.760619044303894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.6530776023864746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.533573567867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4882095158100128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4726599454879761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.4628237187862396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4398632049560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59519942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650665","display_name":"Drone","level":2,"score":0.4395258128643036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.43727195262908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.4103466272354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.15436503291130066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13091757893562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11140745878219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0841967761516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08372378349304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3321723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3321723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G572899642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JQ20021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974872009","https://openalex.org/W1978993121","https://openalex.org/W1992873714","https://openalex.org/W1995443851","https://openalex.org/W2035568192","https://openalex.org/W2041560658","https://openalex.org/W2051185466","https://openalex.org/W2080197848","https://openalex.org/W2113511941","https://openalex.org/W2296719434","https://openalex.org/W2604768956","https://openalex.org/W2741058951","https://openalex.org/W2770868881","https://openalex.org/W2782405382","https://openalex.org/W2790021535","https://openalex.org/W2900546872","https://openalex.org/W2900678331","https://openalex.org/W2912919760","https://openalex.org/W2921709033","https://openalex.org/W2942839421","https://openalex.org/W2947066337","https://openalex.org/W2972614519","https://openalex.org/W2979903624","https://openalex.org/W2981068491","https://openalex.org/W2991758591","https://openalex.org/W3010079414","https://openalex.org/W3039443125","https://openalex.org/W3086144474","https://openalex.org/W3118249006","https://openalex.org/W3118934234","https://openalex.org/W3131633592","https://openalex.org/W3133742914","https://openalex.org/W3143173331","https://openalex.org/W3145563919","https://openalex.org/W3170181770","https://openalex.org/W3171950886","https://openalex.org/W3211479446","https://openalex.org/W4212863773","https://openalex.org/W4220853886","https://openalex.org/W4283760989","https://openalex.org/W4285277720","https://openalex.org/W4289656174","https://openalex.org/W4292337114","https://openalex.org/W4292969860","https://openalex.org/W4294310853","https://openalex.org/W4312411634","https://openalex.org/W4312594355","https://openalex.org/W4312805004","https://openalex.org/W4313855945","https://openalex.org/W4317794940","https://openalex.org/W4319450743","https://openalex.org/W4320005476","https://openalex.org/W4323896850","https://openalex.org/W4362690177","https://openalex.org/W4378979722","https://openalex.org/W4382371057","https://openalex.org/W6851896688"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229448053","https://openalex.org/W4247925126","https://openalex.org/W4327774218","https://openalex.org/W2059768187","https://openalex.org/W4312858960","https://openalex.org/W4386036939","https://openalex.org/W4379143281","https://openalex.org/W2605096541","https://openalex.org/W3200286695","https://openalex.org/W4212885606"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"illegal":[1],"misuse":[2],"of":[3,55,75,143,186,189,199,206],"non-cooperative":[4],"UAVs":[5,45,76,89,130,147,209],"poses":[6],"huge":[7],"threats":[8],"to":[9,18,39,150],"society":[10],"and":[11,24,34,57,131],"life":[12],"safety.":[13],"Infrared":[14],"imaging":[15],"is":[16,110,137,159,165,177,204],"reliable":[17],"monitor":[19],"unmanned":[20],"aerial":[21],"vehicles":[22],"(UAVs)":[23],"the":[25,53,72,85,88,100,113,116,126,144,160,182,187,197,200],"anti-UAVs":[26],"technology":[27],"via":[28,106],"infrared":[29,60,168],"images":[30,61],"has":[31],"attracted":[32],"more":[33,35],"attention.":[36],"In":[37,112],"order":[38],"provide":[40],"sufficient":[41],"time":[42,162],"for":[43],"follow-up,":[44],"are":[46,62,90,121,148],"acquired":[47],"at":[48],"long":[49],"distances,":[50],"usually":[51,63],"exhibiting":[52],"features":[54],"weak":[56],"small.":[58],"Furthermore,":[59,173],"with":[64],"low":[65],"signal-to-clutter":[66],"ratio":[67],"(SCR).":[68],"These":[69],"factors":[70],"make":[71],"correct":[73],"detection":[74,96,104,171],"a":[77,102,134,174],"challenge.":[78],"Existing":[79],"methods":[80],"do":[81],"not":[82],"fully":[83],"exploit":[84],"phenomenon":[86,145],"that":[87,146,163],"easily":[91],"isolated,":[92],"resulting":[93],"in":[94,167],"unsatisfactory":[95],"results.":[97],"For":[98],"alleviating":[99],"issue,":[101],"novel":[103],"method":[105],"isolation":[107],"Forest":[108],"(iForest)":[109],"proposed.":[111],"proposed":[114,201],"method,":[115,202],"multi-direction":[117],"couple-order":[118],"derivative":[119],"properties":[120],"firstly":[122],"analyzed,":[123],"which":[124,139,179,203],"enlarges":[125],"feature":[127],"difference":[128],"between":[129],"background.":[132,212],"Then,":[133],"global":[135,190],"iForest":[136,164,176],"constructed,":[138],"takes":[140],"full":[141],"advantage":[142],"susceptible":[149],"being":[151],"isolated.":[152],"As":[153],"far":[154],"as":[155],"we":[156],"know,":[157],"this":[158],"first":[161],"constructed":[166],"small":[169],"targets":[170],"field.":[172],"local":[175],"created,":[178],"further":[180],"eliminates":[181],"residual":[183],"false":[184],"alarms":[185],"result":[188],"iForest.":[191],"Experiments":[192],"on":[193],"nine":[194],"sequences":[195],"demonstrate":[196],"performance":[198],"capable":[205],"detecting":[207],"various":[208],"under":[210],"diverse":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
