{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386825379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3316153","title":"Semisupervised Deep Neural Network-Based Cross-Frequency Ground-Penetrating Radar Data Inversion","display_name":"Semisupervised Deep Neural Network-Based Cross-Frequency Ground-Penetrating Radar Data Inversion","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386825379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3316153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3316153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3316153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048028685","display_name":"Hanchi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2673-6485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanchi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633558","display_name":"Jing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0402-5593"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349815","display_name":"Jiaqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1071-6742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101687180","display_name":"Haonan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9865-4958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693092","display_name":"Jing Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-3309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1039-3309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091117089","display_name":"Peng Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-7940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Techniques Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7342-7940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Techniques Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074158993","display_name":"Fengkai Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7112-9328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengkai Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Techniques Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Geotechnical and Structural Engineering Techniques Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102020325","display_name":"Qingmei Sui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-7163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingmei Sui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-7163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101774825","display_name":"Zhengfang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-7294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengfang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-7294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7612,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89824916,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9210843443870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6197879314422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.5492950081825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5013763904571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4937156140804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.4790709912776947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4763910174369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.4675278663635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.455154150724411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.42649024724960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permittivity","display_name":"Permittivity","score":0.42079412937164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.41770657896995544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4088051915168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.19416853785514832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.16264986991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08206990361213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.07633423805236816}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9210843443870544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6197879314422607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.5492950081825256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5013763904571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4937156140804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.4790709912776947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4763910174369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.4675278663635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.455154150724411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.42649024724960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168651791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211569","display_name":"Permittivity","level":3,"score":0.42079412937164307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.41770657896995544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4088051915168762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.19416853785514832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.16264986991882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08206990361213684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.07633423805236816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3316153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3316153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1216590739","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021A1515011782","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2211345327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273209","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5856154434","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52227901","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1580389772","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1967610881","https://openalex.org/W1973143425","https://openalex.org/W1996387079","https://openalex.org/W2011684386","https://openalex.org/W2127708149","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2144033313","https://openalex.org/W2156387975","https://openalex.org/W2313224414","https://openalex.org/W2395579298","https://openalex.org/W2593414223","https://openalex.org/W2617720975","https://openalex.org/W2744208450","https://openalex.org/W2746314669","https://openalex.org/W2759758570","https://openalex.org/W2760630831","https://openalex.org/W2786808285","https://openalex.org/W2808310813","https://openalex.org/W2809892291","https://openalex.org/W2913272993","https://openalex.org/W2914331134","https://openalex.org/W2915004230","https://openalex.org/W2915066850","https://openalex.org/W2917480588","https://openalex.org/W2921083352","https://openalex.org/W2944671768","https://openalex.org/W2947679247","https://openalex.org/W2952829492","https://openalex.org/W2953070460","https://openalex.org/W2968312212","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W2992240579","https://openalex.org/W2996192756","https://openalex.org/W2996290406","https://openalex.org/W2999174435","https://openalex.org/W3013741472","https://openalex.org/W3029679819","https://openalex.org/W3034147267","https://openalex.org/W3034684985","https://openalex.org/W3035665735","https://openalex.org/W3040125981","https://openalex.org/W3041429011","https://openalex.org/W3041525128","https://openalex.org/W3046871678","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3099006605","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3104567271","https://openalex.org/W3117123720","https://openalex.org/W3119221807","https://openalex.org/W3159428095","https://openalex.org/W3192673362","https://openalex.org/W3192760821","https://openalex.org/W3200322924","https://openalex.org/W3210358227","https://openalex.org/W3212073014","https://openalex.org/W3212230650","https://openalex.org/W3213806259","https://openalex.org/W4221117130","https://openalex.org/W4280533765","https://openalex.org/W4293731510","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6682889407","https://openalex.org/W6733814495","https://openalex.org/W6743428213","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072954282","https://openalex.org/W2087993138","https://openalex.org/W2782295999","https://openalex.org/W1970292246","https://openalex.org/W2162306796","https://openalex.org/W2015118744","https://openalex.org/W4247952185","https://openalex.org/W1642462315","https://openalex.org/W2005619368","https://openalex.org/W2065140124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ground-penetrating":[0],"radar":[1],"(GPR)":[2],"with":[3,13,85,113,133,206,240],"different":[4,11,42,180,207],"center":[5,55],"frequencies":[6,94,208],"can":[7,198,226],"detect":[8],"defects":[9],"at":[10],"depths":[12],"a":[14,61,102,106,117,134,148,153,160],"range":[15],"of":[16,41,49,109,120,171],"resolutions":[17],"enabling":[18],"it":[19],"to":[20,45,78,92,141,166,202,235],"be":[21,79,199],"used":[22],"for":[23,53,90,147],"subsurface":[24],"defect":[25],"inspection.":[26],"However,":[27],"the":[28,36,46,75,82,143,156,168,175,191,220,228,231,236],"existing":[29],"deep":[30,63],"learning":[31,130],"methods":[32,196],"cannot":[33],"accurately":[34],"invert":[35],"permittivity":[37,114,126],"from":[38,174,230],"GPR":[39,51,67,83,111,122,177,203],"data":[40,68,84,112,123,178,205,233,238],"frequencies,":[43],"due":[44],"limited":[47],"number":[48,108],"labeled":[50],"images":[52],"every":[54],"frequency.":[56],"To":[57],"tackle":[58],"this":[59,224],"challenge,":[60],"semi-supervised":[62,103],"neural":[64],"network-based":[65],"cross-frequency":[66],"inversion":[69,145,169],"method":[70,98,193,225],"was":[71,99,139,217],"proposed,":[72],"which":[73],"enables":[74],"generalized":[76,201],"model":[77,215],"trained":[80,100],"on":[81],"one":[86],"frequency":[87],"(source":[88],"domain)":[89],"migration":[91],"other":[93,195],"(target":[95],"domain).":[96],"The":[97,183],"in":[101,155],"manner":[104],"using":[105],"small":[107],"paired":[110],"labels":[115],"and":[116,151,185,197,209,219],"large":[118],"amount":[119],"unlabeled":[121,176],"without":[124],"corresponding":[125],"maps.":[127],"An":[128],"adversarial":[129],"mechanism":[131],"together":[132],"novel":[135],"random":[136],"perturbation":[137,181],"strategy":[138],"designed":[140],"improve":[142,167],"global":[144],"performance":[146],"large-scale":[149],"structure":[150],"avoid":[152],"discontinuity":[154],"reconstructed":[157],"shapes.":[158],"Furthermore,":[159],"mean":[161],"teacher":[162],"architecture":[163],"is":[164],"introduced":[165],"accuracy":[170],"detailed":[172],"information":[173],"under":[179],"conditions.":[182],"ablation":[184],"comparative":[186],"experiments":[187],"results":[188,221],"indicated":[189],"that":[190,223],"proposed":[192],"outperforms":[194],"effectively":[200],"B-Scan":[204],"signal-to-noise":[210],"ratios.":[211],"In":[212],"addition,":[213],"sandbox":[214],"testing":[216],"conducted":[218],"indicate":[222],"transfer":[227],"knowledge":[229],"synthetic":[232],"domain":[234,239],"real":[237],"satisfactory":[241],"results.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}