{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386453487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3312314","title":"Self-Attention-Based Transformer for Nonlinear Maneuvering Target Tracking","display_name":"Self-Attention-Based Transformer for Nonlinear Maneuvering Target Tracking","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386453487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3312314"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3312314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3312314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101485250","display_name":"Lu Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5763-0165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073214747","display_name":"Hongtao Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-2184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongtao Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100424637","display_name":"Ze Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0354-4666"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007748224","display_name":"Congyue Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9148-4156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Congyue Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051365835","display_name":"Ruixing Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruixing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi’an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101485250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2728,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90505145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12814","display_name":"Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Inference","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7173470854759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.7130836248397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6555824279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.6345096826553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.5565431714057922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5117557048797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.48755472898483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4860292077064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4855186939239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.47559627890586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4663170278072357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4111138880252838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3302260637283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.16903194785118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11574479937553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.08309006690979004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7173470854759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.7130836248397827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6555824279785156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.6345096826553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.5565431714057922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5117557048797607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.48755472898483276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4860292077064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4855186939239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.47559627890586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4663170278072357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4111138880252838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3302260637283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.16903194785118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11574479937553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.08309006690979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3312314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3312314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1692405070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"QTZX22156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89016767","https://openalex.org/W576301840","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1568122762","https://openalex.org/W1974599169","https://openalex.org/W1981364618","https://openalex.org/W2005225275","https://openalex.org/W2056121575","https://openalex.org/W2063695849","https://openalex.org/W2073117938","https://openalex.org/W2097009900","https://openalex.org/W2099544223","https://openalex.org/W2105451692","https://openalex.org/W2113268162","https://openalex.org/W2113908741","https://openalex.org/W2132036885","https://openalex.org/W2135505309","https://openalex.org/W2149274770","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2162348049","https://openalex.org/W2344510161","https://openalex.org/W2435929395","https://openalex.org/W2947451847","https://openalex.org/W2948300920","https://openalex.org/W2949856406","https://openalex.org/W3045468192","https://openalex.org/W3117450517","https://openalex.org/W3187867541","https://openalex.org/W3207160263","https://openalex.org/W4206325246","https://openalex.org/W4221142801","https://openalex.org/W4287756134","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6603641933","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6696761078","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6779753539","https://openalex.org/W6788071488","https://openalex.org/W6809883362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978572805","https://openalex.org/W2383807498","https://openalex.org/W1997992934","https://openalex.org/W1987225439","https://openalex.org/W4238188170","https://openalex.org/W2125114371","https://openalex.org/W2019977573","https://openalex.org/W2149980199","https://openalex.org/W1988366268","https://openalex.org/W1909391589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,19,22,31,87,100,127,145,155,163],"field":[2],"of":[3,21,30,144],"radar,":[4],"nonlinearity":[5],"has":[6],"always":[7],"been":[8,65],"significant":[9],"challenge":[10],"in":[11,18,68,99],"target":[12,23,70,75,97,146],"tracking":[13,71],"algorithms.":[14],"It":[15],"is":[16,108],"evident":[17],"complexity":[20],"motion":[24],"model,":[25,27],"observation":[26],"and":[28,53,95,112,118,142,168],"maneuverability":[29],"target.":[32],"Traditional":[33],"model-based":[34],"algorithms":[35],"often":[36],"rely":[37],"on":[38,60,86],"numerical":[39],"approximations":[40],"or":[41],"simulations":[42],"to":[43,50,73,125,154],"obtain":[44],"suboptimal":[45],"solutions,":[46],"which":[47],"may":[48],"lead":[49],"conversion":[51],"errors":[52],"increase":[54],"algorithm":[55,165],"complexity.":[56],"Model-free":[57],"methods":[58],"based":[59,85],"deep":[61],"neural":[62,170],"networks":[63],"have":[64],"continuously":[66],"employed":[67],"nonlinear":[69,83],"(NTT)":[72],"improve":[74],"state":[76],"estimation":[77],"performance.":[78],"This":[79,148],"paper":[80],"introduces":[81],"two":[82],"trackers":[84],"Transformer":[88,138,157],"that":[89,162],"are":[90],"used":[91],"for":[92,110,131,139],"smoothing,":[93],"filtering,":[94,132],"predicting":[96,143],"states":[98],"NTT":[101],"task.":[102],"First,":[103],"a":[104,135],"classical":[105,156],"Transformer-based":[106],"method":[107],"proposed":[109,164],"smoothing":[111],"prediction,":[113],"improving":[114],"both":[115],"inference":[116],"efficiency":[117],"accuracy":[119],"through":[120],"parallel":[121],"operation.":[122],"After":[123],"that,":[124],"handle":[126],"recursive":[128,137,140],"operation":[129],"required":[130],"we":[133],"introduce":[134],"novel":[136],"filtering":[141],"state.":[147],"significantly":[149],"reduces":[150],"computational":[151],"load":[152],"compared":[153],"method.":[158],"Simulation":[159],"results":[160],"indicate":[161],"outperforms":[166],"traditional":[167],"recurrent":[169],"network-based":[171],"methods.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}