{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385695876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3303683","title":"GPR Full-Waveform Inversion With Deep-Learning Forward Modeling: A Case Study From Non-Destructive Testing","display_name":"GPR Full-Waveform Inversion With Deep-Learning Forward Modeling: A Case Study From Non-Destructive Testing","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385695876","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3303683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3303683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3303683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039372913","display_name":"Ourania Patsia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3105-0516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ourania Patsia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3105-0516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002239686","display_name":"Antonios Giannopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7108-6997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Giannopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7108-6997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Iraklis Giannakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-9633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iraklis Giannakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5450-9633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9797,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91270466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.8222360014915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solver","display_name":"Solver","score":0.8063998222351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-difference-time-domain-method","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","score":0.722628116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6760618686676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.6127399206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5206529498100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4244108200073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.37542667984962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.3675571084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seismology","display_name":"Seismology","score":0.13758298754692078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.0787833034992218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.8222360014915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1966904","display_name":"Solver","level":2,"score":0.8063998222351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184880428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417308","display_name":"Finite-difference time-domain method","level":2,"score":0.722628116607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6760618686676025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.6127399206161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5206529498100281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4244108200073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.37542667984962463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.3675571084022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.13758298754692078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0787833034992218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77928131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193343","display_name":"Tectonics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3303683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3303683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320332","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1659860163","https://openalex.org/W1723619723","https://openalex.org/W1974740851","https://openalex.org/W1987240475","https://openalex.org/W1999728189","https://openalex.org/W2005208852","https://openalex.org/W2028239649","https://openalex.org/W2039458843","https://openalex.org/W2045240117","https://openalex.org/W2090843874","https://openalex.org/W2093320867","https://openalex.org/W2097088130","https://openalex.org/W2100369874","https://openalex.org/W2106256575","https://openalex.org/W2124165345","https://openalex.org/W2130976145","https://openalex.org/W2138738061","https://openalex.org/W2140277740","https://openalex.org/W2202811667","https://openalex.org/W2226255814","https://openalex.org/W2339798172","https://openalex.org/W2395626468","https://openalex.org/W2400808542","https://openalex.org/W2477269786","https://openalex.org/W2518909974","https://openalex.org/W2541720119","https://openalex.org/W2593860915","https://openalex.org/W2617720975","https://openalex.org/W2728294189","https://openalex.org/W2735089946","https://openalex.org/W2739727597","https://openalex.org/W2766854032","https://openalex.org/W2888216564","https://openalex.org/W2893824312","https://openalex.org/W2901206390","https://openalex.org/W2912451807","https://openalex.org/W2914917628","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W3012140695","https://openalex.org/W3041735503","https://openalex.org/W3090178411","https://openalex.org/W3134010413","https://openalex.org/W3149976863","https://openalex.org/W4289538074","https://openalex.org/W4289539308","https://openalex.org/W4289539382","https://openalex.org/W6676120134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2513278879","https://openalex.org/W3210748675","https://openalex.org/W1656096860","https://openalex.org/W2386844245","https://openalex.org/W4375947028","https://openalex.org/W2028469001","https://openalex.org/W2911625548","https://openalex.org/W2088991847","https://openalex.org/W83831714","https://openalex.org/W2028725669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Numerical":[0],"modelling":[1],"of":[2,22,30,37,44,156,189,199,214,241,251],"Ground":[3],"Penetrating":[4],"Radar":[5],"(GPR),":[6],"such":[7],"as":[8,26,89,117,197],"the":[9,20,42,104,134,151,157,205,210,215,242,247,252,257],"finite-difference":[10],"time-domain":[11],"(FDTD)":[12],"method,":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"extensively":[16],"used":[17,196],"to":[18,60,114,203,232],"enhance":[19],"interpretation":[21],"GPR":[23,78],"data":[24,79,168],"and":[25,58,166,208,212,249],"a":[27,70,111,127,179,186,200],"key":[28],"component":[29],"full-waveform":[31],"inversion":[32],"(FWI).":[33],"A":[34],"major":[35],"drawback":[36],"numerical":[38,236],"solvers,":[39],"especially":[40],"within":[41],"context":[43],"FWI,":[45,244],"is":[46,96,161,194],"that":[47,80],"they":[48],"are":[49],"still":[50],"computationally":[51],"expensive":[52],"requiring":[53],"often":[54],"unattainable":[55],"computational":[56],"resources":[57],"access":[59],"high":[61,187,239],"performance":[62],"computing":[63],"(HPC).":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"work,":[67],"we":[68],"present":[69],"near":[71],"real-time":[72],"deep":[73,158],"learning":[74,93,159],"forward":[75,223,254],"solver":[76,160,193,224],"for":[77,98,150,263],"can":[81,107],"generate":[82],"entire":[83],"B-scans,":[84],"given":[85],"certain":[86],"model":[87,95],"parameters":[88],"inputs.":[90],"The":[91,154,173,191,238],"machine":[92],"(ML)":[94],"tuned":[97],"reinforced":[99,170],"concrete":[100,171,206,265],"slab":[101,207],"scenarios,":[102],"but":[103],"same":[105],"rational":[106],"be":[108],"applied":[109],"in":[110,147,178,226,267],"straightforward":[112],"manner":[113],"other":[115],"applications":[116],"well.":[118],"Training":[119],"was":[120,145],"performed":[121],"using":[122,235],"entirely":[123],"synthetic":[124,165],"data,":[125],"where":[126],"three-dimensional":[128],"(3D)":[129],"digital":[130],"twin":[131],"based":[132],"on":[133],"2000":[135],"MHz":[136],"\u201cpalm\u201d":[137],"antenna":[138],"from":[139,169],"Geophysical":[140],"Survey":[141],"Systems,":[142],"Inc.":[143],"(GSSI)":[144],"included":[146],"FDTD":[148],"simulations":[149],"training":[152],"set.":[153],"accuracy":[155,240],"demonstrated":[162],"with":[163,183,220,246],"both":[164],"real":[167],"slabs.":[172],"predicted":[174],"ML":[175,192],"responses":[176],"were":[177],"very":[180],"good":[181],"agreement":[182],"FDTD,":[184],"showing":[185],"degree":[188],"accuracy.":[190],"then":[195],"part":[198],"FWI":[201,219,234],"algorithm":[202],"characterize":[204],"estimate":[209],"depth":[211],"radius":[213],"buried":[216],"rebars.":[217],"Coupled":[218],"an":[221,260],"ML-based":[222,253],"results":[225],"significantly":[227],"less":[228],"execution":[229],"times":[230],"compared":[231],"conventional":[233],"solvers.":[237],"proposed":[243,258],"combined":[245],"efficiency":[248],"speed":[250],"solver,":[255],"make":[256],"scheme":[259],"ideal":[261],"tool":[262],"characterizing":[264],"structures":[266],"non-destructive":[268],"testing.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}