{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383503726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3293137","title":"Development of ANN-Based Algorithm to Estimate Wintertime Sea Ice Temperature Profile Over the Arctic Ocean","display_name":"Development of ANN-Based Algorithm to Estimate Wintertime Sea Ice Temperature Profile Over the Arctic Ocean","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383503726","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3293137"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3293137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3293137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103274062","display_name":"Sung\u2010Ho Baek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4083-2299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sung-Ho Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045915903","display_name":"Eui\u2010Jong Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5853-2913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eui-Jong Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054536512","display_name":"Byung\u2010Ju Sohn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6134-3515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Ju Sohn","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452211","display_name":"Sang\u2010Woo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1279-8331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sang-Woo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039694004","display_name":"Hoyeon Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-5973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32686375","display_name":"Danish Meteorological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/020m6x732","country_code":"DK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32686375","https://openalex.org/I4210102581"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoyeon Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32686375"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103274062"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.842,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70204367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.7954834699630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-concentration","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","score":0.6336274743080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryosphere","display_name":"Cryosphere","score":0.5738934278488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice-thickness","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","score":0.5694519281387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic-ice-pack","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","score":0.5670557618141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"Brightness temperature","score":0.5145840048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","score":0.5037536025047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.48325449228286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arctic","display_name":"Arctic","score":0.46281492710113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.45403313636779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buoy","display_name":"Buoy","score":0.43839728832244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.42588409781455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.42203468084335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38898858428001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.1711178421974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microwave","display_name":"Microwave","score":0.16859009861946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.08835598826408386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.7954834699630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194520297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440064","display_name":"Sea ice concentration","level":5,"score":0.6336274743080139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197435368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493109","display_name":"Cryosphere","level":3,"score":0.5738934278488159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149767477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7440066","display_name":"Sea ice thickness","level":4,"score":0.5694519281387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161798024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3651008","display_name":"Arctic ice pack","level":3,"score":0.5670557618141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53802167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4538627","display_name":"Brightness temperature","level":3,"score":0.5145840048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.5037536025047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.48325449228286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518008717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322","display_name":"Arctic","level":2,"score":0.46281492710113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.45403313636779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779847632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30026","display_name":"Buoy","level":2,"score":0.43839728832244873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.42588409781455994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.42203468084335327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38898858428001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.1711178421974182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44838205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127995","display_name":"Microwave","level":2,"score":0.16859009861946106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08835598826408386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3293137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3293137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1225283220","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3071639259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3942910960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NRF) grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G450960389","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A4A5032320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5048857448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KMA2018-00721","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322036","funder_display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5212324321","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1A4A5032320","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982292920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322036","display_name":"Korea Meteorological Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04nrmrg07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W385663865","https://openalex.org/W1500293115","https://openalex.org/W1514099499","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1554353685","https://openalex.org/W1680392829","https://openalex.org/W1986985743","https://openalex.org/W1989907325","https://openalex.org/W2008357767","https://openalex.org/W2026675755","https://openalex.org/W2064673884","https://openalex.org/W2074526772","https://openalex.org/W2084187322","https://openalex.org/W2096768450","https://openalex.org/W2098136734","https://openalex.org/W2106345187","https://openalex.org/W2108563286","https://openalex.org/W2114642823","https://openalex.org/W2117766630","https://openalex.org/W2153631133","https://openalex.org/W2154776925","https://openalex.org/W2156140776","https://openalex.org/W2158143121","https://openalex.org/W2170582209","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2218047931","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2512745809","https://openalex.org/W2597705479","https://openalex.org/W2610000584","https://openalex.org/W2799805314","https://openalex.org/W2808164051","https://openalex.org/W2901685598","https://openalex.org/W2913340405","https://openalex.org/W2928894771","https://openalex.org/W2963008249","https://openalex.org/W2972490877","https://openalex.org/W3007689827","https://openalex.org/W3037223096","https://openalex.org/W3107569396","https://openalex.org/W3130803710","https://openalex.org/W3171320818","https://openalex.org/W4224942183","https://openalex.org/W4229008276","https://openalex.org/W4306927856","https://openalex.org/W4377164071","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637386731","https://openalex.org/W6682981795","https://openalex.org/W6694517276","https://openalex.org/W6725756066","https://openalex.org/W6735331631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3021435055","https://openalex.org/W2142672783","https://openalex.org/W4234822209","https://openalex.org/W4210768018","https://openalex.org/W2898036457","https://openalex.org/W2400373919","https://openalex.org/W1999943952","https://openalex.org/W752721605","https://openalex.org/W2288952064","https://openalex.org/W1978485516"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,139,151,185],"thermal":[1,31,50,192,235],"structure":[2,32,51,236],"of":[3,48,52,65,68,70,84],"the":[4,13,49,53,58,66,71,82,85,96,100,124,147,159,197,206,210,217,224,233,238],"Arctic":[5,22,101],"sea":[6,54,75,102,133,160,225,239],"ice":[7,55,76,103,134,161,199,226,240],"is":[8,41],"a":[9,45,90],"critical":[10],"indicator":[11],"in":[12,194,205,237],"atmosphere\u2013sea":[14],"ice\u2013ocean":[15],"energy":[16],"budget":[17],"and,":[18],"thus,":[19],"for":[20,212,222],"understanding":[21,29,69],"warming":[23],"and":[24,33,78,123,131,144,177],"associated":[25],"climate":[26,214],"change.":[27],"Therefore,":[28],"this":[30,88],"its":[34],"monitoring":[35],"should":[36],"be":[37],"vital.":[38],"However,":[39],"it":[40],"challenging":[42],"to":[43,94,157,196,203],"obtain":[44],"3-D":[46],"view":[47],"(such":[56],"as":[57],"temperature":[59,97,135,187,201],"profile)":[60],"through":[61],"satellite":[62],"measurements":[63],"because":[64],"lack":[67],"nonlinear":[72,125],"relationship":[73,126],"between":[74,127],"emission":[77],"measured":[79],"radiance":[80],"at":[81,163],"top":[83],"atmosphere.":[86],"In":[87],"study,":[89],"model":[91,141,154,215,228],"was":[92,121,137,142,155],"developed":[93,152],"estimate":[95],"profile":[98],"within":[99],"during":[104],"winter":[105],"using":[106,146],"satellite-borne":[107],"passive":[108],"microwave":[109],"measurements.":[110],"An":[111],"artificial":[112],"neural":[113],"network":[114],"(ANN)":[115],"technique":[116],"based":[117],"on":[118],"deep":[119],"learning":[120],"introduced,":[122],"satellite-measured":[128],"brightness":[129],"temperatures":[130,162],"buoy-measured":[132],"profiles":[136],"learned.":[138],"ANN":[140,153],"mapped":[143],"verified":[145],"tenfold":[148],"cross-validation":[149],"technique.":[150],"able":[156],"restore":[158],"all":[164],"specified":[165],"levels":[166],"with":[167],"correlation":[168],"coefficients":[169],">":[170],"0.95,":[171],"absolute":[172],"biases":[173],"<":[174,182],"0.1":[175],"K,":[176],"root":[178],"mean":[179],"square":[180],"errors":[181],"1.6":[183],"K.":[184],"retrieved":[186],"results":[188,218],"well":[189],"represent":[190],"expected":[191],"structures,":[193],"addition":[195],"snow\u2013sea":[198],"interface":[200],"similar":[202],"that":[204],"published":[207],"literature.":[208],"Besides":[209],"data":[211],"validating":[213],"simulations,":[216],"also":[219],"promise":[220],"applications":[221],"improving":[223],"growth":[227,241],"performance":[229],"by":[230],"tightly":[231],"constraining":[232],"vertical":[234],"model.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}