{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377224579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3278489","title":"Generalized Multi-Lag Estimators (GMLE) for Polarimetric Weather Radar Observations","display_name":"Generalized Multi-Lag Estimators (GMLE) for Polarimetric Weather Radar Observations","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377224579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3278489"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3278489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3278489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/61884","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005972385","display_name":"David A. Warde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-8016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194601409","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04j91ny53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Warde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9582-8016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927","https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I8692664","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016919905","display_name":"David Schvartzman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7490-4809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Schvartzman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Meteorology and the Advanced Radar Research Center, University of Oklahoma,y, Norman, OK, USA","School of Meteorology and the Advanced Radar Research Center, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7490-4809","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Meteorology and the Advanced Radar Research Center, University of Oklahoma,y, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Meteorology and the Advanced Radar Research Center, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024330237","display_name":"Christopher D. Curtis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-2676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194601409","display_name":"Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies","ror":"https://ror.org/04j91ny53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092927","display_name":"NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00gd1f947","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308126019","https://openalex.org/I1343035065","https://openalex.org/I2802992173","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Curtis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6616-2676","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092927","https://openalex.org/I194601409"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/OAR/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I8692664","https://openalex.org/I4210092927"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005972385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194601409","https://openalex.org/I4210092927","https://openalex.org/I8692664"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2815,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86845003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11312","display_name":"Soil Moisture and Remote Sensing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.758912205696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weather-radar","display_name":"Weather radar","score":0.7495661973953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6546914577484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetry","display_name":"Polarimetry","score":0.5739769339561462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5691231489181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4659358859062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.42114561796188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.41938528418540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.4138282835483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.4094878137111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3079918622970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2167835533618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17410039901733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1387670636177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12678059935569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09518027305603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08829537034034729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.758912205696106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92237259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863343","display_name":"Weather radar","level":3,"score":0.7495661973953247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6546914577484131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.5739769339561462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5691231489181519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4659358859062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.42114561796188354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.41938528418540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4138282835483551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.4094878137111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3079918622970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2167835533618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17410039901733398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1387670636177063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12678059935569763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09518027305603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08829537034034729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3278489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3278489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:61884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/61884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 61, pp. 1-12, 2023, Art no. 5105712","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:noaa.stacks:noaa:61884","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/61884","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196172","display_name":"NOAA Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 61, pp. 1-12, 2023, Art no. 5105712","raw_type":""},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7943605488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NA21OAR4320204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","funder_display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306111","display_name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/04chq2495"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337784","display_name":"NOAA Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02kgve346"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W223995386","https://openalex.org/W1966067748","https://openalex.org/W1971762967","https://openalex.org/W1978179300","https://openalex.org/W1986119538","https://openalex.org/W1994389893","https://openalex.org/W2017973336","https://openalex.org/W2037547320","https://openalex.org/W2049124870","https://openalex.org/W2058153657","https://openalex.org/W2058493519","https://openalex.org/W2079345651","https://openalex.org/W2084244979","https://openalex.org/W2099378190","https://openalex.org/W2099544248","https://openalex.org/W2101690226","https://openalex.org/W2136550063","https://openalex.org/W2140649649","https://openalex.org/W2171496613","https://openalex.org/W2176830538","https://openalex.org/W2177542827","https://openalex.org/W2182712805","https://openalex.org/W2334150767","https://openalex.org/W2576606700","https://openalex.org/W2609113477","https://openalex.org/W2743863260","https://openalex.org/W2798046575","https://openalex.org/W2801310141","https://openalex.org/W2897515041","https://openalex.org/W2905657660","https://openalex.org/W2998695746","https://openalex.org/W3000684545","https://openalex.org/W3033565430","https://openalex.org/W3143458884","https://openalex.org/W4255775350","https://openalex.org/W6685682341","https://openalex.org/W6751183307","https://openalex.org/W6778810131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026860918","https://openalex.org/W2035593284","https://openalex.org/W2225281849","https://openalex.org/W2612145225","https://openalex.org/W2059660610","https://openalex.org/W2161058488","https://openalex.org/W2066181770","https://openalex.org/W3041742295","https://openalex.org/W2125956803","https://openalex.org/W1482920642"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Observations":[0],"of":[1,42,57,114,142,189,212],"weather":[2,7,20,58,65],"phenomenon":[3],"by":[4,139],"polarimetric":[5,64,178],"pulsed-Doppler":[6],"radars":[8],"are":[9,69,137],"employed":[10],"worldwide":[11],"to":[12,129,204],"monitor":[13],"impending":[14],"severe":[15],"storms,":[16],"flash-floods,":[17],"and":[18,60,76,80,94,154,169,181],"other":[19],"related":[21],"public":[22],"hazards.":[23],"The":[24],"basis":[25],"for":[26,54,174],"processing":[27],"received":[28,46,105,120],"meteorological":[29,201],"signals":[30,47],"from":[31,45,71,111],"pulsed-radar":[32],"waveforms":[33],"relies":[34],"on":[35,151,199],"stochastic":[36],"processes":[37],"where":[38],"the":[39,78,99,104,112,119,140,157,187,210],"accurate":[40],"estimation":[41],"radar":[43],"variables":[44],"in":[48,74,103,118,145,148],"additive":[49],"white":[50],"noise":[51],"is":[52],"essential":[53],"meaningful":[55],"interpretation":[56],"phenomena":[59],"algorithm-derived":[61],"products.":[62],"For":[63],"radars,":[66],"these":[67,190],"estimates":[68,108,136,149],"calculated":[70],"signal":[72,91,152,202],"correlations":[73],"time":[75],"across":[77],"horizontal":[79],"vertical":[81],"polarization":[82],"channels.":[83],"Conventional":[84],"estimators":[85,125,173,192,195,206],"only":[86],"use":[87,113,126,141],"1":[88],"or":[89],"2":[90],"correlation":[92,159],"time-lags":[93],"may":[95],"not":[96,134],"utilize":[97],"all":[98,115,135],"available":[100],"information":[101],"intrinsic":[102,116],"signals.":[106],"Weather-variable":[107],"could":[109],"benefit":[110],"characteristics":[117,153,203],"data;":[121],"accordingly,":[122],"more":[123,143],"complex":[124],"multiple":[127],"lags":[128,160],"extract":[130],"additional":[131,158],"information.":[132,163],"However,":[133],"improved":[138],"lags;":[144],"fact,":[146],"improvement":[147],"depends":[150],"requires":[155],"that":[156,207],"provide":[161],"new":[162],"In":[164],"this":[165],"article,":[166],"we":[167],"derive":[168],"examine":[170],"general":[171],"multi-lag":[172],"reflectivity,":[175,177],"differential":[176],"cross-correlation":[179],"coefficient,":[180],"Doppler":[182],"spectrum":[183],"width.":[184],"We":[185],"compare":[186],"performance":[188],"proposed":[191],"against":[193],"conventional":[194],"using":[196],"Monte-Carlo":[197],"simulations":[198],"different":[200],"find":[205],"can":[208],"improve":[209],"quality":[211],"certain":[213],"radar-variable":[214],"estimates.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2023-05-23T00:00:00"}