{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376456263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3274296","title":"Data Augmentation and Classification of Sea\u2013Land Clutter for Over-the-Horizon Radar Using AC-VAEGAN","display_name":"Data Augmentation and Classification of Sea\u2013Land Clutter for Over-the-Horizon Radar Using AC-VAEGAN","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376456263","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3274296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3274296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3274296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100712577","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1976-680X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1976-680X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066334922","display_name":"Zengfu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-3010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zengfu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0424-3010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075563005","display_name":"Kun L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3403-2516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110458","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/01z143507","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology and the Sky-Rainbow United Laboratory, Nanjing, China","Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology and the Sky-Rainbow United Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology and the Sky-Rainbow United Laboratory, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology and the Sky-Rainbow United Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108517562","display_name":"Quan Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-2896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8162-2896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341552","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-4110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-4110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and the Key Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8358,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98314611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clutter","display_name":"Clutter","score":0.893283486366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7380959391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6220638751983643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5983483791351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.4917295277118683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.4734513461589813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47322002053260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3806660771369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.36475637555122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36451971530914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3203282356262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.11348730325698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10311451554298401}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.893283486366272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7380959391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6220638751983643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5983483791351318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.4917295277118683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.4734513461589813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47322002053260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3806660771369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.36475637555122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36451971530914307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3203282356262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.11348730325698853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10311451554298401}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3274296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3274296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2777495420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U21B2008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6200837767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61790552","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7196242803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JM-06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336567","display_name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W322998299","https://openalex.org/W930928758","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1963932623","https://openalex.org/W1999515944","https://openalex.org/W2010853190","https://openalex.org/W2038591350","https://openalex.org/W2065337811","https://openalex.org/W2084733623","https://openalex.org/W2111703458","https://openalex.org/W2124648367","https://openalex.org/W2125389028","https://openalex.org/W2148791593","https://openalex.org/W2160547390","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2292481059","https://openalex.org/W2314372640","https://openalex.org/W2330679558","https://openalex.org/W2374259222","https://openalex.org/W2410591237","https://openalex.org/W2412510955","https://openalex.org/W2584009249","https://openalex.org/W2593414223","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2767106145","https://openalex.org/W2770173563","https://openalex.org/W2784019914","https://openalex.org/W2794022343","https://openalex.org/W2795144650","https://openalex.org/W2807869636","https://openalex.org/W2809598685","https://openalex.org/W2884805522","https://openalex.org/W2896050315","https://openalex.org/W2901461790","https://openalex.org/W2910881901","https://openalex.org/W2936503027","https://openalex.org/W2941546110","https://openalex.org/W2944003962","https://openalex.org/W2950776302","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2963373786","https://openalex.org/W2963865839","https://openalex.org/W2963873275","https://openalex.org/W2964167449","https://openalex.org/W3017448766","https://openalex.org/W3082418432","https://openalex.org/W3111024703","https://openalex.org/W3120389167","https://openalex.org/W4200432521","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W4301206121","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6611190527","https://openalex.org/W6624452987","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6687506355","https://openalex.org/W6702407662","https://openalex.org/W6715189028","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6729482032","https://openalex.org/W6733322467","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6746090280","https://openalex.org/W6746638498","https://openalex.org/W6749904568","https://openalex.org/W6765779288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W2909431601","https://openalex.org/W4321789545"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,9,20,103,116,119,123,133,143,160,173,178,188,192],"sea-land":[2,55,79,113,150,198],"clutter":[3,56,80,151,199],"classification":[4,23,144,189],"of":[5,19,90,96,105,111,118,125,128,135,146,162,194],"sky-wave":[6],"over-the-horizon-radar":[7],"(OTHR),":[8],"imbalanced":[10,147,195],"and":[11,60,93,122,148,177,196],"scarce":[12,149,197],"data":[13,67,126,139,179],"leads":[14],"to":[15,77,101,186],"a":[16,70,109,138],"poor":[17],"performance":[18,124,145,190],"deep":[21],"learning-based":[22],"model.":[24],"To":[25],"solve":[26],"this":[27,29],"problem,":[28],"paper":[30],"proposes":[31],"an":[32,63,83],"improved":[33],"auxiliary":[34,42],"classifier":[35,43],"generative":[36,46],"adversarial":[37,47],"network":[38,48],"(AC-GAN)":[39],"architecture,":[40],"namely":[41],"variational":[44],"autoencoder":[45],"(AC-VAEGAN).":[49],"AC-VAEGAN":[50,73,129,136,166,183],"can":[51],"synthesize":[52,78],"higher":[53],"quality":[54,104,117,161],"samples":[57,121,152,163],"than":[58,169],"AC-GAN":[59],"serve":[61],"as":[62,137],"effective":[64],"tool":[65],"for":[66],"augmentation.":[68],"Specifically,":[69],"one-dimensional":[71],"convolutional":[72],"architecture":[74],"is":[75,99,153,167,184],"designed":[76],"samples.":[81,107,200],"Additionally,":[82],"evaluation":[84,89,95],"method":[85,141,181],"combining":[86],"both":[87,115],"traditional":[88],"GAN":[91],"domain":[92,98],"statistical":[94],"signal":[97],"proposed":[100],"evaluate":[102],"synthetic":[106,120],"Using":[108],"dataset":[110],"OTHR":[112],"clutter,":[114],"augmentation":[127,140,180],"are":[130],"verified.":[131],"Further,":[132],"effect":[134],"on":[142],"validated.":[154],"The":[155],"experiment":[156],"results":[157],"show":[158],"that":[159],"synthesized":[164,171],"by":[165,172],"better":[168],"those":[170],"state-of-the-art":[174],"GAN-based":[175],"methods,":[176],"with":[182],"able":[185],"improve":[187],"in":[191],"case":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2023-05-14T00:00:00"}
