{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367663309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271986","title":"Utilizing Bounding Box Annotations for Weakly Supervised Building Extraction From Remote-Sensing Images","display_name":"Utilizing Bounding Box Annotations for Weakly Supervised Building Extraction From Remote-Sensing Images","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367663309","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271986"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051017680","display_name":"Daoyuan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-1760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoyuan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0344-1760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069385514","display_name":"Shengwen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-4006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengwen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-4006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386847","display_name":"Fang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8969-8879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I211433327","display_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/02kxqx159","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I211433327","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Urban Land Resources Monitoring and Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I211433327"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066725514","display_name":"Jiahui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-2357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-2357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087551115","display_name":"Yuting Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8922-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8922-1077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062101784","display_name":"Bo Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-5419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2387-5419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100405075","display_name":"Yuanyuan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2503-9975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and the National Engineering Research Center of Geographic Information System, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6189,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84025092,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-bounding-box","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","score":0.8348516225814819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7939482927322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounding-overwatch","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","score":0.7134090065956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5991880893707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.589631199836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5696073770523071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5414246916770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.488860547542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4604426622390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.38225921988487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3815422058105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37670037150382996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.8348516225814819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7939482927322388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.7134090065956116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5991880893707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.589631199836731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5696073770523071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5414246916770935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.488860547542572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4604426622390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.38225921988487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3815422058105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37670037150382996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271986","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3271986","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6142257702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42071382","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495267108","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2000803298","https://openalex.org/W2027287150","https://openalex.org/W2039743515","https://openalex.org/W2124351162","https://openalex.org/W2141573384","https://openalex.org/W2161236525","https://openalex.org/W2168548458","https://openalex.org/W2168804568","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2221898772","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2396622801","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2552414813","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2600144439","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2798376494","https://openalex.org/W2908320224","https://openalex.org/W2912114399","https://openalex.org/W2952793010","https://openalex.org/W2962758679","https://openalex.org/W2962867364","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2970856480","https://openalex.org/W2980189057","https://openalex.org/W2982206001","https://openalex.org/W2989491750","https://openalex.org/W2998360197","https://openalex.org/W3013118461","https://openalex.org/W3034373787","https://openalex.org/W3034930876","https://openalex.org/W3035482928","https://openalex.org/W3036883289","https://openalex.org/W3049335070","https://openalex.org/W3053564872","https://openalex.org/W3086458417","https://openalex.org/W3090205990","https://openalex.org/W3104035745","https://openalex.org/W3107653507","https://openalex.org/W3124065089","https://openalex.org/W3133962853","https://openalex.org/W3156066202","https://openalex.org/W3167976421","https://openalex.org/W3170128766","https://openalex.org/W3176692018","https://openalex.org/W3177958285","https://openalex.org/W3195032332","https://openalex.org/W3196990496","https://openalex.org/W3203376617","https://openalex.org/W3206928323","https://openalex.org/W4200115777","https://openalex.org/W4205659311","https://openalex.org/W4206303381","https://openalex.org/W4206573688","https://openalex.org/W4213172700","https://openalex.org/W4214945428","https://openalex.org/W4226289601","https://openalex.org/W4286904314","https://openalex.org/W4289932046","https://openalex.org/W4294982551","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4312566218","https://openalex.org/W4312959398","https://openalex.org/W4315977514","https://openalex.org/W4319663760","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6739696289","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6767465851","https://openalex.org/W6789220239","https://openalex.org/W6802404399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237171675","https://openalex.org/W3036286480","https://openalex.org/W4287027631","https://openalex.org/W3192357901","https://openalex.org/W2387360586","https://openalex.org/W2952736415","https://openalex.org/W3209723314","https://openalex.org/W3205398323","https://openalex.org/W2883297582","https://openalex.org/W4390524233"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Image-level":[0],"weakly":[1,200],"supervised":[2,201],"semantic":[3],"segmentation":[4],"(WSSS)":[5],"methods":[6],"have":[7],"greatly":[8],"facilitated":[9],"the":[10,20,23,38,42,75,93,97,101,129,135,144,151,156,169,185,197],"extraction":[11,66],"of":[12,22,27,37,44,181,199],"buildings":[13,29],"from":[14,67,111],"remote":[15],"sensing":[16],"(RS)":[17],"images.":[18,205],"However,":[19],"lack":[21],"locations":[24],"and":[25,50,91,124,133,160,177],"extents":[26],"individual":[28],"in":[30,34,41,70,147,179],"image-level":[31],"labels":[32],"results":[33,166],"some":[35],"limitations":[36],"methods,":[39],"especially":[40],"cases":[43],"cluttered":[45],"backgrounds,":[46],"diverse":[47],"building":[48,65,89,117,136,154,158,163],"shapes":[49],"sizes.":[51],"By":[52],"utilizing":[53],"bounding":[54,98],"box":[55],"annotations,":[56],"a":[57,78,120,161,193],"novel":[58],"WSSS":[59],"model":[60,146],"is":[61,84],"developed":[62],"to":[63,86,114,131,142],"improve":[64],"RS":[68,204],"images":[69],"this":[71],"paper.":[72],"Specifically,":[73],"during":[74],"training":[76],"phase,":[77,103],"multiscale":[79,88,104,112],"feature":[80],"retrieval":[81],"(MFR)":[82],"module":[83,127],"designed":[85],"learn":[87],"features":[90,113],"suppress":[92],"background":[94],"noise":[95],"inside":[96],"box.":[99],"In":[100],"inference":[102],"class":[105],"activation":[106],"maps":[107],"(CAM)":[108],"are":[109,140],"generated":[110],"achieve":[115],"accurate":[116],"localization.":[118],"Finally,":[119],"pseudo":[121,137],"mask":[122],"generation":[123],"correction":[125],"(PGC)":[126],"refines":[128],"CAMs":[130],"generate":[132],"correct":[134],"masks.":[138],"Experiments":[139],"conducted":[141],"examine":[143],"proposed":[145,170],"three":[148,186],"datasets,":[149,188],"namely,":[150],"WHU":[152],"aerial":[153],"dataset,":[155,159],"CrowdAI":[157],"self-annotated":[162],"dataset.":[164],"Experimental":[165],"demonstrate":[167],"that":[168],"method":[171],"outperforms":[172],"baselines,":[173],"achieving":[174],"76.99%,":[175],"75.51%":[176],"67.35%":[178],"terms":[180],"IoU":[182],"scores":[183],"on":[184,203],"challenging":[187],"respectively.":[189],"This":[190],"paper":[191],"provides":[192],"methodological":[194],"reference":[195],"for":[196],"application":[198],"learning":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}