{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4362652984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3264839","title":"CBA: Contextual Background Attack Against Optical Aerial Detection in the Physical World","display_name":"CBA: Contextual Background Attack Against Optical Aerial Detection in the Physical World","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4362652984","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3264839"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3264839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3264839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008908652","display_name":"Jiawei Lian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363489","display_name":"Xiaofei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6683-3969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009270521","display_name":"Yuru Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6640-316X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuru Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046390538","display_name":"Mingyang Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2944-628X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyang Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067207818","display_name":"Shaohui Mei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8018-596X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohui Mei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008908652"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0024,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98104874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.9246807098388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7380667924880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.7177002429962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.670659065246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5352991223335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.45630425214767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-security","display_name":"Physical security","score":0.44526663422584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4415377974510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.42484816908836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.38982734084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.26445722579956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15449881553649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10499918460845947}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.9246807098388672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7380667924880981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.7177002429962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.670659065246582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5352991223335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.45630425214767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776157020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851598","display_name":"Physical security","level":2,"score":0.44526663422584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4415377974510193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.42484816908836365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38982734084129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.26445722579956055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15449881553649902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10499918460845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3264839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3264839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3343969587","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5521239382","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2535873859","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2604505099","https://openalex.org/W2746600820","https://openalex.org/W2774644650","https://openalex.org/W2934198733","https://openalex.org/W2962749812","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963299996","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963542245","https://openalex.org/W2963726920","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2969664989","https://openalex.org/W2970575838","https://openalex.org/W2972986629","https://openalex.org/W2981011605","https://openalex.org/W2986357608","https://openalex.org/W2989676862","https://openalex.org/W2998771449","https://openalex.org/W2998904801","https://openalex.org/W3017485054","https://openalex.org/W3024988590","https://openalex.org/W3034823537","https://openalex.org/W3035396860","https://openalex.org/W3035821888","https://openalex.org/W3100471085","https://openalex.org/W3101267861","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3106412272","https://openalex.org/W3122006940","https://openalex.org/W3133744039","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3143373604","https://openalex.org/W3145752794","https://openalex.org/W3162349352","https://openalex.org/W3172075653","https://openalex.org/W3172087149","https://openalex.org/W3176477939","https://openalex.org/W3191251640","https://openalex.org/W3194110702","https://openalex.org/W3196302005","https://openalex.org/W3200450146","https://openalex.org/W3201386741","https://openalex.org/W3204155906","https://openalex.org/W4214507171","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4214833808","https://openalex.org/W4224950673","https://openalex.org/W4226283811","https://openalex.org/W4282936640","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4294310809","https://openalex.org/W4304091855","https://openalex.org/W4304973803","https://openalex.org/W4307371716","https://openalex.org/W4312611884","https://openalex.org/W4312918928","https://openalex.org/W4312990987","https://openalex.org/W4313017866","https://openalex.org/W4313177625","https://openalex.org/W4313180120","https://openalex.org/W4313476697","https://openalex.org/W4387802709","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6751839145","https://openalex.org/W6767109091","https://openalex.org/W6785652829","https://openalex.org/W6791447707","https://openalex.org/W6796962097","https://openalex.org/W6799693006","https://openalex.org/W6838391691","https://openalex.org/W6846315894","https://openalex.org/W6850607825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4288055406","https://openalex.org/W4200630034","https://openalex.org/W3137894200","https://openalex.org/W3092178728","https://openalex.org/W4226402597","https://openalex.org/W3132910851","https://openalex.org/W4377864639","https://openalex.org/W4392340763","https://openalex.org/W4283325551","https://openalex.org/W4403006689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Patch-based":[0],"physical":[1,38,79,220,232,239],"attacks":[2],"have":[3],"increasingly":[4],"aroused":[5],"concerns.":[6],"However,":[7],"most":[8],"existing":[9],"methods":[10,23],"focus":[11],"on":[12,16,182,206],"obscuring":[13],"targets":[14,102,171],"captured":[15],"the":[17,33,37,41,50,61,78,95,101,106,120,127,133,154,160,163,176,187,193,209,223,228,237,249],"ground,":[18],"and":[19,54,87,149,183,207,225,256],"some":[20],"of":[21,103,179,189,227,252],"these":[22],"are":[24,111,123,166,197,217],"simply":[25],"extended":[26],"to":[27,73,113,125,142,168],"deceive":[28],"aerial":[29,51,75,109,254],"detectors.":[30],"They":[31],"smear":[32],"targeted":[34],"objects":[35,97,178,204],"in":[36,77,89,108,153,219],"world":[39],"with":[40,55,146,199],"elaborated":[42],"adversarial":[43,115,129,144,164,210,250],"patches,":[44,185],"which":[45,81,140,175],"can":[46,82],"only":[47],"slightly":[48],"sway":[49],"detectors\u2019":[52],"prediction":[53],"weak":[56],"attack":[57,85,151,161,190,240],"transferability.":[58],"To":[59,157],"address":[60],"above":[62],"issues,":[63],"a":[64,245],"novel":[65],"Contextual":[66],"Background":[67],"Attack":[68],"(CBA)":[69],"framework":[70,230],"is":[71],"proposed":[72,229,238],"fool":[74],"detectors":[76,255],"world,":[80],"achieve":[83],"strong":[84],"efficacy":[86,202],"transferability":[88],"real-world":[90],"scenarios":[91],"even":[92],"without":[93],"smudging":[94],"interested":[96],"at":[98,264],"all.":[99],"Specifically,":[100],"interest,":[104,180],"i.e.":[105],"aircraft":[107],"images,":[110],"adopted":[112],"mask":[114,121],"patches.":[116],"The":[117,259],"pixels":[118],"outside":[119,170,184,208],"area":[122,137],"optimized":[124],"make":[126],"generated":[128],"patches":[130,145,165,196,211],"closely":[131],"cover":[132],"critical":[134],"contextual":[135],"background":[136],"for":[138,231,247],"detection,":[139],"contributes":[141],"gifting":[143],"more":[147],"robust":[148],"transferable":[150],"potency":[152],"real":[155],"world.":[156],"further":[158],"strengthen":[159],"performance,":[162],"forced":[167],"be":[169],"during":[172],"training,":[173],"by":[174],"detected":[177],"both":[181,205],"benefit":[186],"accumulation":[188],"efficacy.":[191],"Consequently,":[192],"sophisticatedly":[194],"designed":[195],"gifted":[198],"solid":[200],"fooling":[201],"against":[203],"simultaneously.":[212],"Extensive":[213],"proportionally":[214],"scaled":[215],"experiments":[216],"performed":[218],"scenarios,":[221],"demonstrating":[222],"superiority":[224],"potential":[226],"attacks.":[233],"We":[234],"expect":[235],"that":[236],"method":[241],"will":[242],"serve":[243],"as":[244],"benchmark":[246],"assessing":[248],"robustness":[251],"diverse":[253],"defense":[257],"methods.":[258],"code":[260],"has":[261],"been":[262],"released":[263],"https://github.com/JiaweiLian/CBA.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
