{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4360993937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3262062","title":"E<sup>2</sup>DTF: An End-to-End Detection and Tracking Framework for Multiple Micro-UAVs With FMCW-MIMO Radar","display_name":"E<sup>2</sup>DTF: An End-to-End Detection and Tracking Framework for Multiple Micro-UAVs With FMCW-MIMO Radar","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4360993937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3262062"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3262062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3262062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046409305","display_name":"Xin Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-5625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165745306","display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h17x602","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China","School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8098-5625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101918228","display_name":"Jing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3634-2368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165745306","display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h17x602","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China","School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3634-2368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068967562","display_name":"Darong Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-5162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143868143","display_name":"Anhui University","ror":"https://ror.org/05th6yx34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63371133","display_name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01t001k65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63371133"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Unmanned System and Intelligent TechnologySchool of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, Chinahe is","School of Information Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-5162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Autonomous Unmanned System Technology of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Unmanned System and Intelligent TechnologySchool of Artificial Intelligence, Anhui University, Hefei, Chinahe is","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143868143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63371133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101825903","display_name":"Zhenyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-3648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63371133","display_name":"Chongqing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01t001k65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63371133"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4168-3648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63371133"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034563316","display_name":"Guoqing Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-6869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165745306","display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h17x602","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China","School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-6869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.923,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97649878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6605828404426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6377638578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-tracker","display_name":"Radar tracker","score":0.5778334140777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.49088960886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.4488183259963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4101920425891876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40613746643066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.26721465587615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22521820664405823}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6605828404426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6377638578414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.5778334140777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.49088960886001587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.4488183259963989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4101920425891876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40613746643066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.26721465587615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22521820664405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3262062","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3262062","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1922141292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020M683653XB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4138906447","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YJ0367","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334983","funder_display_name":"Basic Research Programs of Sichuan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4359040465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62003064","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5326479820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2020jcyjmsxmX0797","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5995940987","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62273065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7880640879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KJQN202000717","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","funder_display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8964716627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021QHZ022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322859","funder_display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322859","display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h17x602"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324805","display_name":"Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/031nm5713"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334983","display_name":"Basic Research Programs of Sichuan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1649651896","https://openalex.org/W1964879738","https://openalex.org/W2117145904","https://openalex.org/W2145035134","https://openalex.org/W2264043765","https://openalex.org/W2294296888","https://openalex.org/W2623681295","https://openalex.org/W2626043382","https://openalex.org/W2626144274","https://openalex.org/W2766224648","https://openalex.org/W2766488429","https://openalex.org/W2796789676","https://openalex.org/W2887807614","https://openalex.org/W2889496951","https://openalex.org/W2897396640","https://openalex.org/W2911384376","https://openalex.org/W2912700782","https://openalex.org/W2920903638","https://openalex.org/W2972443821","https://openalex.org/W2999399146","https://openalex.org/W3004654007","https://openalex.org/W3018368320","https://openalex.org/W3022742393","https://openalex.org/W3036932497","https://openalex.org/W3040360205","https://openalex.org/W3048658198","https://openalex.org/W3094147817","https://openalex.org/W3096676008","https://openalex.org/W3115688874","https://openalex.org/W3127753524","https://openalex.org/W3135747531","https://openalex.org/W3158867602","https://openalex.org/W3159135018","https://openalex.org/W3160230070","https://openalex.org/W3162095947","https://openalex.org/W3167454939","https://openalex.org/W3184943628","https://openalex.org/W3197349798","https://openalex.org/W4200051644","https://openalex.org/W4205774966","https://openalex.org/W4205960603","https://openalex.org/W4206441333","https://openalex.org/W4213242270","https://openalex.org/W4281487654","https://openalex.org/W4294982468"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2544423928","https://openalex.org/W2053286651","https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W2181743346","https://openalex.org/W2187401768","https://openalex.org/W2181413294","https://openalex.org/W4291895924","https://openalex.org/W2347570245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,80,128,156,185,214],"the":[2,13,51,63,82,87,105,150,158,187,190,215],"weak":[3],"radar":[4,28,106],"echoes":[5],"and":[6,15,38,165,179,206,220],"strong":[7],"background":[8],"clutters":[9],"in":[10,27,212],"low-altitude":[11],"airspace,":[12],"detection":[14,37,205,219],"tracking":[16,39,182,207,221],"for":[17,46,209],"multiple":[18,47,57,210],"micro-unmanned":[19],"aerial":[20],"vehicles":[21],"(UAVs)":[22],"have":[23],"posed":[24],"formidable":[25],"challenges":[26],"surveillance":[29],"field.":[30],"Consequently,":[31],"this":[32],"paper":[33],"proposes":[34],"an":[35,121,130],"end-to-end":[36],"framework":[40],"(E":[41],"<sup":[42,70,110,142,198],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[43,71,111,143,199],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[44,72,112,144,200],"DTF)":[45],"micro-UAVs":[48,135,211],"by":[49,85,120],"utilizing":[50],"frequency":[52],"modulated":[53],"continuous":[54],"wave-multiple":[55],"input":[56],"output":[58],"(FMCW-MIMO)":[59],"radar.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"low":[64,226],"signal-to-noise":[65],"ratio":[66],"(SNR)":[67],"problem,":[68],"E":[69,109,141,197],"DTF":[73,113,145,201],"presents":[74],"a":[75,93,101,115],"frame-range-Doppler-azimuth":[76],"information":[77],"fusion":[78],"filter":[79],"integrate":[81],"target":[83,102,116],"energy":[84],"exploiting":[86],"spatio-temporal":[88],"dependence":[89],"of":[90,95,134,140,189],"positions":[91],"within":[92],"sequence":[94],"unthresholded":[96],"frames.":[97],"Additionally,":[98],"considering":[99,218],"that":[100,147,196],"may":[103],"enter/leave":[104],"field-of-view":[107],"(FOV),":[108],"introduces":[114],"model":[117],"state,":[118],"updated":[119],"extended":[122],"Markov":[123],"state":[124],"transition":[125],"matrix":[126],"sequentially,":[127],"realize":[129],"unknown,":[131],"time-varying":[132],"number":[133],"tracking.":[136],"Another":[137],"nice":[138],"feature":[139],"is":[146],"it":[148],"avoids":[149],"complex":[151],"data":[152],"association":[153],"procedure":[154],"thanks":[155],"removing":[157],"threshold-decision":[159],"operation.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"both":[162],"numerical":[163],"simulations":[164],"experiments":[166],"with":[167],"five":[168],"different":[169],"scenarios,":[170],"i.e.,":[171],"horizontal":[172],"line,":[173],"cross-trajectory,":[174],"circular":[175],"loop,":[176],"rainy":[177],"condition":[178],"3D":[180],"trajectory":[181],"are":[183],"presented":[184],"verify":[186],"effectiveness":[188],"proposed":[191],"method.":[192],"The":[193],"results":[194],"show":[195],"can":[202],"obtain":[203],"superior":[204],"performance":[208],"contrast":[213],"state-of-the-art":[216],"methods":[217],"processes":[222],"independently,":[223],"especially":[224],"under":[225],"SNR":[227],"conditions.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}