{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327808525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3258488","title":"Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Spectral\u2013Spatial Token Enhanced Transformer With Hash-Based Positional Embedding","display_name":"Hyperspectral Image Classification Using Spectral\u2013Spatial Token Enhanced Transformer With Hash-Based Positional Embedding","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327808525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3258488"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3258488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3258488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004906797","display_name":"Ke Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-9620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102013595","display_name":"Jiayuan Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7494-0255"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayuan Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729335","display_name":"Peng Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5802-465X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032269714","display_name":"Mingzhen Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004906797"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4641,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97638536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11659","display_name":"Advanced Image Fusion Techniques","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7389984726905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6574344635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6279848217964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6265605092048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6232230067253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.5419377684593201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5348469614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.50567626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4401092231273651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.43323689699172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.18743067979812622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7389984726905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6574344635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6279848217964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6265605092048645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6232230067253113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.5419377684593201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5348469614982605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.50567626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4401092231273651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.43323689699172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.18743067979812622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3258488","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3258488","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3977413633","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7626924423","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101137","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521436688","https://openalex.org/W1579487182","https://openalex.org/W1966580635","https://openalex.org/W2004104348","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2103094532","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2314785379","https://openalex.org/W2500751094","https://openalex.org/W2516176725","https://openalex.org/W2570214200","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2751810713","https://openalex.org/W2764276316","https://openalex.org/W2790275230","https://openalex.org/W2792332881","https://openalex.org/W2891513880","https://openalex.org/W2894763306","https://openalex.org/W2944008297","https://openalex.org/W2944512710","https://openalex.org/W2966358285","https://openalex.org/W2971432438","https://openalex.org/W2983491485","https://openalex.org/W2987694862","https://openalex.org/W3002734626","https://openalex.org/W3008789903","https://openalex.org/W3043713335","https://openalex.org/W3047443805","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3103695279","https://openalex.org/W3128776197","https://openalex.org/W3133055443","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3160694286","https://openalex.org/W3171125843","https://openalex.org/W3171853541","https://openalex.org/W3174480456","https://openalex.org/W3195858154","https://openalex.org/W3199715002","https://openalex.org/W3205965083","https://openalex.org/W3214821343","https://openalex.org/W3216860461","https://openalex.org/W4210794570","https://openalex.org/W4214493665","https://openalex.org/W4214633470","https://openalex.org/W4214745154","https://openalex.org/W4225630686","https://openalex.org/W4240485910","https://openalex.org/W4285124290","https://openalex.org/W4285169977","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W4312785900","https://openalex.org/W4312950730","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6797399245","https://openalex.org/W6797790494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072166414","https://openalex.org/W3209970181","https://openalex.org/W2070598848","https://openalex.org/W3034375524","https://openalex.org/W2060875994","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2044184146","https://openalex.org/W4313014865","https://openalex.org/W2019190440","https://openalex.org/W2343470940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"image":[1],"(HSI)":[2],"classification":[3,31,40,87,186],"aims":[4],"to":[5,47,79,113,137],"distinguish":[6],"the":[7,21,29,45,71,77,97,139,160,183],"category":[8],"of":[9],"a":[10,63,106,124],"land":[11],"coverage":[12],"object":[13],"for":[14,28,84,132,163],"each":[15],"pixel.":[16],"In":[17,122],"an":[18],"effective":[19],"way,":[20],"transformer":[22,161],"architecture":[23,110],"has":[24],"been":[25],"successfully":[26],"introduced":[27],"HSI":[30,39,86,93,133,175,185],"task":[32],"with":[33,70,182],"promising":[34],"performance.":[35],"However,":[36],"existing":[37],"transformer-based":[38,85],"methods":[41],"still":[42],"suffer":[43],"from":[44],"inability":[46],"fully":[48],"explore":[49],"both":[50],"spectral":[51],"information":[52,55,83],"and":[53,118,142,151,157,177],"spatial":[54],"in":[56],"HSIs.":[57],"To":[58],"this":[59],"end,":[60],"we":[61],"propose":[62],"Spectral-Spatial":[64],"Token":[65],"Enhanced":[66],"Transformer":[67],"(SSTE-Former)":[68],"method":[69],"hash-based":[72,126,152],"positional":[73,129,153],"embedding,":[74],"which":[75],"is":[76,111,135],"first":[78],"exploit":[80],"multiscale":[81,92,108,144,148],"spectral-spatial":[82,116,165],"in-depth.":[88],"Specifically,":[89],"SSTE-Former":[90],"accepts":[91],"cubes":[94,134],"centered":[95],"on":[96,172],"target":[98],"pixel,":[99],"that":[100],"are":[101,155],"preprocessed":[102],"by":[103],"PCA.":[104],"Then,":[105],"designed":[107],"CNN":[109],"utilized":[112],"extract":[114],"short-range":[115],"features":[117],"generate":[119],"token":[120,145,149],"embeddings.":[121,146],"parallel,":[123],"novel":[125],"spatially":[127],"enhanced":[128],"embedding":[130],"tailored":[131],"developed":[136],"model":[138],"correlations":[140],"within":[141],"across":[143],"Finally,":[147],"embeddings":[150,154],"concatenated":[156],"flattened":[158],"into":[159],"encoder":[162],"long-range":[164],"feature":[166],"fusion.":[167],"We":[168],"conduct":[169],"extensive":[170],"experiments":[171],"four":[173],"benchmark":[174],"datasets":[176],"achieve":[178],"superior":[179],"performance":[180],"compared":[181],"state-of-the-art":[184],"methods.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
