{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319069068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3242147","title":"S2CGNet: A Robust Aircraft Detector Based on the Sword-Shaped Component Geometry","display_name":"S2CGNet: A Robust Aircraft Detector Based on the Sword-Shaped Component Geometry","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319069068","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3242147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3242147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3242147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019880799","display_name":"Chenglong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-8161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0934-8161","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006720439","display_name":"Hongfeng Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongfeng Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-1372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071032466","display_name":"Haoran Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2283-1895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2283-1895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005905514","display_name":"Xian Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xian Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0038-9816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112365916","display_name":"Kun Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0450-6469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Network Information System Technology (NIST), Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67719372,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuselage","display_name":"Fuselage","score":0.8128789067268372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.8040651082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6520657539367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.538088321685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48015421628952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sword","display_name":"SWORD","score":0.4610111117362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3907736837863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.2738688588142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17422178387641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10422059893608093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113556839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1110579","display_name":"Fuselage","level":2,"score":0.8128789067268372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.8040651082992554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6520657539367676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.538088321685791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48015421628952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781424646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7395200","display_name":"SWORD","level":2,"score":0.4610111117362976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3907736837863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.2738688588142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17422178387641907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10422059893608093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3242147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3242147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3172650774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3900504","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2296151615","https://openalex.org/W2307770531","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2725486421","https://openalex.org/W2806331055","https://openalex.org/W2948519073","https://openalex.org/W2955186028","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963927307","https://openalex.org/W2964979676","https://openalex.org/W2967615747","https://openalex.org/W2981539886","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2991359031","https://openalex.org/W2991391304","https://openalex.org/W3004492228","https://openalex.org/W3012573144","https://openalex.org/W3034993937","https://openalex.org/W3035402333","https://openalex.org/W3092088889","https://openalex.org/W3109055651","https://openalex.org/W3136761610","https://openalex.org/W3141404903","https://openalex.org/W3162600796","https://openalex.org/W3162930275","https://openalex.org/W3175496347","https://openalex.org/W3181972411","https://openalex.org/W3203608457","https://openalex.org/W3211275601","https://openalex.org/W4210925408","https://openalex.org/W4214648418","https://openalex.org/W4226456028","https://openalex.org/W4283800076","https://openalex.org/W4293518336","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4313033077","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6682473505","https://openalex.org/W6739844568","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6760424586","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807752174","https://openalex.org/W3144335818","https://openalex.org/W2798475058","https://openalex.org/W4254099759","https://openalex.org/W4255153174","https://openalex.org/W2082074301","https://openalex.org/W606096353","https://openalex.org/W2001055647","https://openalex.org/W4312540572","https://openalex.org/W2808320746"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aircraft":[0],"detection":[1,41,165,209],"is":[2,104],"a":[3,92,108,215,246],"challenging":[4],"task":[5],"for":[6,68,111],"remote":[7],"sensing":[8],"images.":[9],"The":[10,98,123],"anchor-based":[11],"methods":[12],"are":[13,32],"of":[14,57,80,147,162,173,187,193,208,218,238],"high":[15],"complexity,":[16],"and":[17,36,54,66,78,89,142,195],"the":[18,22,47,55,58,75,85,119,138,145,160,163,171,177,190,201,206,224,227,231,236],"keypoint-based":[19],"detectors":[20,244],"suffer":[21],"grouping":[23],"difficulty.":[24],"Some":[25],"line-based":[26],"models":[27],"relying":[28],"on":[29,189,220,230],"local":[30],"features":[31],"hindered":[33],"by":[34,245],"adhesion":[35],"disintegrity":[37,140],"problems.":[38],"Moreover,":[39],"those":[40],"representations":[42],"rarely":[43],"take":[44],"into":[45],"account":[46],"sword-shaped":[48,86],"component":[49,87],"geometric":[50,120],"semantics":[51],"(e.g.,":[52],"fuselage":[53],"wing)":[56],"aircraft":[59,96,113,132],"itself,":[60],"leading":[61],"to":[62,106,129,136,157,223],"being":[63],"less":[64],"robust":[65,94],"unfavorable":[67],"downstream":[69],"tasks,":[70],"such":[71],"as":[72],"ones":[73],"needing":[74],"detailed":[76],"size":[77],"shape":[79],"aircraft.":[81],"Accordingly,":[82],"we":[83,149],"model":[84,240],"geometry":[88],"propose":[90,150],"S2CGNet,":[91],"more":[93,116,133],"appearance-based":[95],"detector.":[97],"sword":[99],"attenuation":[100],"mask":[101],"(SAM)":[102],"module":[103,156],"devised":[105],"encode":[107],"\u201csword-shaped":[109],"mask\u201d":[110],"each":[112],"while":[114],"exploring":[115],"robustness":[117,237],"via":[118],"surface":[121],"embedding.":[122],"SAM":[124],"can":[125,175],"provide":[126],"clearer":[127],"borders":[128],"separate":[130],"different":[131],"precisely.":[134],"Besides,":[135,203],"address":[137],"instance":[139,152],"problem":[141],"further":[143],"boost":[144],"quality":[146,207],"SAM,":[148],"an":[151],"aware":[153],"graph":[154],"(IAG)":[155],"jointly":[158],"optimize":[159],"parameters":[161],"fuselage/wing":[164],"heads.":[166],"Experimental":[167],"results":[168,210],"show":[169],"that":[170],"performance":[172],"S2CGNet":[174,204],"reach":[176],"state-of-the-art":[178],"(SOTA)":[179],"level.":[180],"Specifically,":[181],"it":[182,213],"achieves":[183],"98.5%":[184],"in":[185],"terms":[186],"AP50":[188],"combined":[191],"dataset":[192,233],"Aircraft-KP":[194],"NWPU":[196],"VHR-10,":[197],"boosting":[198],"3.8%":[199],"than":[200],"baseline.":[202,225],"boosts":[205],"greatly,":[211],"e.g.,":[212],"yields":[214],"significant":[216],"improvement":[217],"21.3%":[219],"AP75":[221],"compared":[222],"Furthermore,":[226],"generalization":[228],"comparisons":[229],"FAIR1M":[232],"strongly":[234],"demonstrate":[235],"our":[239],"surpasses":[241],"other":[242],"oriented":[243],"large":[247],"margin.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}