{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4317761489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3239106","title":"Solving Electromagnetic Inverse Problem Using Adaptive Gradient Descent Algorithm","display_name":"Solving Electromagnetic Inverse Problem Using Adaptive Gradient Descent Algorithm","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4317761489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3239106"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3239106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3239106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044393709","display_name":"Lian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-333X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0119-333X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023261296","display_name":"Bo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6790-9882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6790-9882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006564437","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3367-0919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011208510","display_name":"Yixian Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1864-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixian Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077112485","display_name":"Zhong Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100422382","display_name":"Feng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8717-8893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1315279114","display_name":"Zhejiang Wanli University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjdhd62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315279114"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Big Data and Software Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8717-8893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Software Engineering, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1315279114"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90717033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10572","display_name":"Geophysical and Geoelectrical Methods","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11757","display_name":"Seismic Waves and Analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/line-search","display_name":"Line search","score":0.7399084568023682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6998342871665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugate-gradient-method","display_name":"Conjugate gradient method","score":0.6789180636405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.6084909439086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/descent-direction","display_name":"Descent direction","score":0.6074105501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-conjugate-gradient-method","display_name":"Nonlinear conjugate gradient method","score":0.568904459476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problem","display_name":"Inverse problem","score":0.5681025385856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5099660158157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-convergence","display_name":"Rate of convergence","score":0.4794177711009979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse","display_name":"Inverse","score":0.44340693950653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4353887438774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.42855730652809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.42202770709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.41086894273757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.35443198680877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.15178897976875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13815489411354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.09509924054145813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85522705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3278015","display_name":"Line search","level":3,"score":0.7399084568023682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6998342871665955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81184566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191895","display_name":"Conjugate gradient method","level":2,"score":0.6789180636405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.6084909439086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116149140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070951","display_name":"Descent direction","level":4,"score":0.6074105501174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26362088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17086453","display_name":"Nonlinear conjugate gradient method","level":4,"score":0.568904459476471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.5681025385856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5099660158157349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.4794177711009979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.44340693950653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4353887438774109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.42855730652809143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.42202770709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.41086894273757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35443198680877686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.15178897976875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13815489411354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.09509924054145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109007969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749565","display_name":"Structural basin","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178635117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747499","display_name":"RADIUS","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3239106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3239106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4771007548","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC0603604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5884648620","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41830212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8895115085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41774079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6908809","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1790833911","https://openalex.org/W1969123802","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2013515631","https://openalex.org/W2015534237","https://openalex.org/W2016043834","https://openalex.org/W2033262138","https://openalex.org/W2034978228","https://openalex.org/W2041314276","https://openalex.org/W2041989170","https://openalex.org/W2057592393","https://openalex.org/W2073581972","https://openalex.org/W2075665712","https://openalex.org/W2090351291","https://openalex.org/W2106407799","https://openalex.org/W2106656281","https://openalex.org/W2108064160","https://openalex.org/W2113979318","https://openalex.org/W2115180751","https://openalex.org/W2119969303","https://openalex.org/W2120482091","https://openalex.org/W2121703172","https://openalex.org/W2124048760","https://openalex.org/W2124877703","https://openalex.org/W2126883357","https://openalex.org/W2133454905","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2148357326","https://openalex.org/W2149846618","https://openalex.org/W2252143850","https://openalex.org/W2490973202","https://openalex.org/W2523246573","https://openalex.org/W2529422904","https://openalex.org/W2541603269","https://openalex.org/W2771169143","https://openalex.org/W2924587861","https://openalex.org/W2952524552","https://openalex.org/W2968917279","https://openalex.org/W2983807332","https://openalex.org/W2996192756","https://openalex.org/W2998993395","https://openalex.org/W3008517453","https://openalex.org/W3012264151","https://openalex.org/W3031967244","https://openalex.org/W3090377106","https://openalex.org/W3110972461","https://openalex.org/W3111357769","https://openalex.org/W4255900881","https://openalex.org/W4301014524","https://openalex.org/W6600284362","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6678911119","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6683945318","https://openalex.org/W6727249380","https://openalex.org/W6747620207","https://openalex.org/W6757107679","https://openalex.org/W6767164110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018215034","https://openalex.org/W2381924799","https://openalex.org/W3096592575","https://openalex.org/W4319027779","https://openalex.org/W2962081168","https://openalex.org/W2384571804","https://openalex.org/W176560561","https://openalex.org/W2740794930","https://openalex.org/W2371658272","https://openalex.org/W2760200308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,84,211],"nonlinear":[1],"conjugate":[2],"gradient":[3,28,68,93],"(NLCG)":[4],"algorithm":[5,36,71,86,157,176],"is":[6,60,87,115],"one":[7],"of":[8,41,90,124,143,173,214,238],"the":[9,16,26,30,34,38,45,50,66,75,81,91,108,119,125,132,137,141,155,160,165,170,174,196,207,222,243],"popular":[10],"linearized":[11,82],"methods":[12],"used":[13,102],"to":[14,72,116,130,163,178],"solve":[15],"frequency-domain":[17,76],"electromagnetic":[18],"(EM)":[19],"geophysical":[20],"inverse":[21,78],"problem.":[22],"During":[23],"NLCG":[24,244],"iterations,":[25],"model":[27,126,133],"guides":[29],"searching":[31],"direction":[32],"while":[33],"line-search":[35],"determines":[37],"step":[39],"length":[40],"each":[42],"iteration.":[43,139],"Normally,":[44],"line":[46,58,110],"search":[47,59],"requires":[48],"solving":[49,74],"corresponding":[51],"forward":[52],"problem":[53,79],"a":[54,88,152,186,236],"few":[55],"times.":[56],"Since":[57],"usually":[61],"computationally":[62],"inefficient,":[63],"we":[64,147,184,200],"introduce":[65],"adaptive":[67],"descent":[69,94],"(AGD)":[70],"accelerate":[73],"EM":[77],"within":[80],"framework.":[83,210],"AGD":[85,156,175,223],"variant":[89],"classical":[92],"method":[95],"and":[96,100,122,150,180,216,226,232],"has":[97,190],"been":[98,191],"well-developed":[99],"widely":[101],"in":[103,206],"deep":[104],"learning.":[105],"Rather":[106],"than":[107,235],"time-consuming":[109],"search,":[111],"its":[112],"core":[113],"idea":[114],"algebraically":[117],"manipulate":[118],"cumulative":[120],"gradients":[121],"updates":[123],"from":[127],"previous":[128],"iterations":[129],"estimate":[131],"parameter":[134],"variables":[135],"at":[136],"current":[138],"For":[140],"inversion":[142,209],"magnetotelluric":[144],"(MT)":[145],"data,":[146],"here":[148],"designed":[149],"implemented":[151],"framework":[153],"using":[154],"combined":[158],"with":[159,242],"cool-down":[161],"scheme":[162],"tune":[164],"regularization":[166],"parameter.":[167],"To":[168,194],"improve":[169],"convergence":[171],"performance":[172],"[specifying":[177],"Adam":[179],"root-mean-square":[181],"propagation":[182],"(RMSProp)],":[183],"proposed":[185,208],"tolerance":[187],"strategy":[188],"which":[189],"tested":[192],"numerically.":[193],"optimize":[195],"global":[197],"learning":[198],"rate,":[199],"carried":[201],"out":[202],"some":[203],"comparative":[204],"trials":[205],"inverted":[212],"results":[213,231],"synthetic":[215],"real-world":[217],"data":[218],"showed":[219],"that":[220],"both":[221],"algorithms":[224],"(Adam":[225],"RMSProp)":[227],"can":[228],"recover":[229],"comparable":[230],"save":[233],"more":[234],"third":[237],"CPU":[239],"time":[240],"compared":[241],"algorithm.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}